fyzygy
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Posts posted by fyzygy
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Agreed: whatever works. (Facebook doesn't, for me.)
Over the past 5 years or so I must have applied cinnamon dozens of times to various cactus wounds at risk of (or already showing signs of) fungal infection. It's always worked like a charm for me. I think surgical intervention was required maybe once or twice, during some prolonged heavy rainfall on recent wounds. Where possible I always use the cinnamon in conjunction with environmental factors (plenty of ventilation, sunlight, reduced humidity). I can upload pictures of aged cinnamon scabs, on otherwise clean (fungus-free) scars. But I'm not here to win any arguments. Just trying to be helpful. The scientific data is there on cinnamon's potential as a powerful natural fungicide. And a wealth of horticultural anecdotes to boot. Take it or leave it, but there's no harm in trying, to the best of my knowledge and experience.
A few additional thoughts:
Though it does not list cinnamon, this article makes a good case for organic as opposed to synthetic compounds: https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/organic-fungicide/9426514
“Fungicides work best as a preventative, not as a cure.”
Consider, by way of analogy, a fungal infection of the human body. In its early stages, natural fungicides might well do the trick and keep the infection at bay. But for a full-blown infection, some form of antibiotics may ultimately be required.
Reflecting on my own gardening practices, this is exactly how I deploy cinnamon—largely as a preventative measure. I have never witnessed the growth of mold or mildew etc. on cinnamon (including long-term cinnamon residues) in my garden.
However, in humid and tropical environments favoured by cinnamon species, cinnamon bark itself may be vulnerable to attack by pathogens (listed in the academic source I've quoted from above). I have never grown cactuses in such conditions, so have no direct experience to speak of.
Powdered cinnamon or cassia bark works for me, in my temperate garden, against most fungal (would-be) invaders.
Your mileage may vary.
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Cinnamon bark is 85% cinnamaldehyde, a proven fungistatic and/or fungicidal agent. Either the dry powdered bark, or suspended in aqueous solution, causes no ill effects -- whatsoever -- when applied directly to trichocereus cactus wounds. That's just my experience, independent of any scientific literature on the subject. An emulsification of cinnamon oil may also work, but I have never tried.
Never once have I observed the growth of fungus or mould as a consequence of liberally applying cinnamon powder (or cassia powder, as is typically sold as cinnamon in Australia) to the inner/outer flesh of any Trichocereus spp. It is extremely well tolerated, and perfectly safe, in my experience.
* There are, of course, pathogens that feed on cinnamon bark itself. So, depending on the fungus in question, your mileage may vary ...
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12 hours ago, Glaukus said:Cinnamon is the worst thing you can put on. It has zero antifungal effect, in fact, mould will grow preferentially on it!
Cinnamon bark oil is a powerful fungicide, germicide, insecticide and also inhibits aflatoxin production. Cinnamaldehyde, the major constituent of cinnamon and cassia barks, possesses antibacterial and antifungal activities. At 0.33 mm concentration it causes complete inhibition of Candida albicans, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Pencillium frequentans, P. decumbens and Cladosporium bantiannum. [...]
Cinnamon is a potent antifungal substance. It is fungistatic or fungicidal against many species of pathogenic fungi (Table 11.2). The preservative action of cinnamon in food and food products is partially due to the fungitoxic effect. The growth of all Aspergillus species of fungi and aflatoxin production by them are inhibited by cinnamon bark or cinnamon oil. Studies carried out in recent years have proved the advantages of using cinnamon as a fungistatic agent in stored cereals, pulses and other type of food articles including processed foods (see 13.2). It can be used as a preservative in fruit juice and fruit products at a wide range of pH conditions. Masimango et al. (1978) reported that cinnamon inhibited Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production. Aspergillus species of fungi are usually grown on storage cereals and pulses and produces toxins like aflatoxin, which are highly poisonous and carcinogenic. Valearcel et al. (1986) in an in vitro study observed that cinnamon inhibited the growth of A. parasiticus at 1 mg/ml concentration. Misra et al. (1987) observed that cinnamon leaf oil exerted the fungitoxic effect on A. flavus and A. parasiticus at 3000 ppm and 1000 ppm, respectively, and was not affected by temperature, auto- claving or storage. They attributed this activity to euginol, a minor constituent of cinnamon. Mishra et al. (1991) reported that the mycostatic effect was produced at a concentration of 4000 ppm and was as effective as many synthetic antifungal agents commonly employed, such as dithane M-45, thiovic, etc. Tiwari and Dixit (1994) studied the effect of cinnamon bark oil on the storage fungi A. flavus and A. niger and found that it was effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth at a MIC of 400 ppm. Tiwari et al. (1994) found that at the concentration of 400 ppm, cinnamon oil completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris oryzae, Chaetomium hispanicum, Cladosporium spp., Curvularia spp., Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Phoma spp., Rhizopus arrhizus., Thelavia terricola, and Trichoderma spp. Mukherjee and Nandi (1994) investigated the fungistatic effect of cinnamon oil on poultry feed. Poultry feed starter mash was treated with 0.1 and 0.2% w/v of cinnamon oil and stored for 30 days. In treated feeds the fungal population decreased with the length of storage compared to untreated feeds. The fungal contamination was due mainly to A. flavus, A. niger, A. candidus, A. fumigatus and Rhizopus nigricans. The optimal quality of cinnamon oil to protect stored maize from fungal growth was assessed by Montes-Belmont and Carvajal (1998) who found that 3 to 8% of the oil gave protection. No phytotoxic effect on germination and corn growth was observed.
Studies on the wood-destroying fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum, Coriolus versicolor, and Botryodiploidea theobromeae by agar diffusion technique by Jantan et al. (1994) indicated that cinnamon was very effective, exhibiting an ED50 of 60.3 µg/ml for C. versicolor, 58.8 µg/ml for G. trabeum and 48.0 µg/ml for B. theobromeae. Baruah et al. (1996) investigated the antifungal action against Fusarium moniliforme, a post- harvest fungal pathogen of cereal crops, and observed that it completely inhibited the fungal growth. Wilson et al. (1997) tested cinnamon on Botrytis cinerea and observed that cinnamon oil was very effective against this plant pathogen. The bark extract of C. loureirii was investigated for antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata, a plant pathogen. The ether fraction of the extract was found to be highly active. A visible inhibition zone was caused by a 1000-fold dilution of the extract and the activity was comparable to polyoxin. Further investigation revealed that cinnamaldehyde was the most active component (Ho et al., 1996). Cinnamon bark oil is a potent fungitoxicant against fungi causing respiratory tract mycoses. Singh et al. (1995) studied in vitro the effect of the oil on A. niger, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. flavus, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis and Histoplasma capsulatum and determined the minimal inhibiting concentration (MIC), minimal lethal concentration (MLC), and exposure duration for fungicidal action at MIC and higher doses. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most susceptible and the H. capsulatum and Candida species were most resistant. The MIC varied from 16–40 ppm. They have suggested that vapour inhalation of cinnamon oil could be useful in the treatment of respiratory tract mycosis. Inoneye et al. (2000) studied the inhibitory effect of essential oil on apical growth of A. fumigatus by vapour contact. The results showed that the growth of the fungus was retarded at 63 µg oil/ml of air concentration.
Source: Cinnamon and Cassia: The Genus Cinnamomum. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants -- Industrial Profiles (CRC Press, 2004).
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Seeds or plant wanted, Artemisia umbelliformis and/or A. genipi, A. petrosa. PM if you can help me track one down.
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https://book4you.org/book/849531/4699db?dsource=recommend
Salvia pomifera, the applebearing sage, has a very peculiar growth and is common on some of the Greek islands. It has firm, fleshy protuberances which are about 2 cm thick and swell out from the branches of the plant. They are produced in the same manner as oak apples by the puncture of an insect of the Cynips genus. These excrescences are semi-transparent like jelly and are called Sage Apples, which is the name by which they are sold in the market. They are candied with sugar and made into a kind of sweetmeat and conserve which is highly regarded by the Greeks as a delicacy (also said to possess healing and salutary qualities). It has an agreeable and astringent flavour. This plant is considerably larger than the common garden sage and it has a flavour and more powerful smell, which is a cross between lavender and sage. It grows very abundantly to the size of a small shrub in Candia (Crete) and Syros. The leaves are collected annually, dried and used medicinally as an infusion. The Greeks are particular as to the time and manner in which they are collected, the date being May 1, before sunrise. The infusion produces profuse perspiration, languor, and even faintness if used to excess. There is a smaller Greek salvia in Greece, the Salvia candica, which does not have excrescences.
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According to Table 4 (see below), by far the highest thujone content was found in A. genipi, A. petrosa, and A. umbelliformus, with only traces to be found in most other Artemisia spp. This book includes warnings against neurotoxicity (I didn’t bother to rehash most of these warnings here).
Excerpts from Artemisia, edited Colin W. Wright. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants – Industrial Profiles. (Taylor & Francis, 2002).
Since absinthe liqueurs are prepared from Oleum Absinthii [Oil of Wormwood?] they contain considerable quantities of thujone, which in large doses is toxic, and can lead to chronic poisoning. The biological action of some Artemisia oils has been directly experienced by humans. Thujone, a typical monoterpene of some Artemisia species, causes chronic poisoning so that preparations of the liqueur absinthe from root extracts of A. absinthium are banned in several countries (Wagner 1977). In this plant the total thujone content (a-+ b-thujone derivatives) may reach concentrations up to 60% of the total oil, and for those reasons several attempts have been done to select for low thujone A. absinthium chemotypes (Lawrence 1992)
Shah, (1996) describes the genus Artemisia as one of the largest and most difficult taxa to understand under an ethnobotanical point of view. The medicinal use of Artemisia spp. was introduced into the Indian Himalayas by different cultural and ethnic groups who entered this region in the past coming from Mediterranean and Arabian regions. Artemisia nilagarica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp. (syn. A. vulgaris sensu H0ok.f.) is the most common species found in earlier Indian literature. It was used as a decoction and infusion for the relief of nervous and spasmodic afflictions by Himalayan people. The plant was used also for magical purposes; it was traditionally kept at front doors and under pillows to discourage evil spirits and ghosts, and the aerial parts were used in festivals for worshipping or offered to the local divinity (Shah 1996 and references therein). The essential oil is also finding its place in the indigenous perfumery industry. The use of Artemisia as incense has perhaps evolved in this region, and it is still used for this purpose by placing the immature leaves and inflorescences as dried material on burning charcoal in a special bowl. The preference of the immature plant parts over the mature ones is probably due to the higher content of thujone and 1,8-cineole, whose psychoactive properties could help people to forget severe cold conditions and the other hardships of the region (Shah and Thakur 1992).
Davanone is the main compound of A. thuscula collected in the Canary islands (Bellomaria et al., 1993), whereas b-thujone and chamazulene are the main constituents of A. arborescens essential oils of Italian origin (Biondi et al., 1993). 1,s- Cineole, terpinen-4-01 and camphor were the main components of A. vulgaris oil, whereas thujone was the main constituent of A. verlotiorum (Carnat et al., 1985). Limonene was found in high percentages in A. frigida, A. santolinifolia, A. adamsi and A. pamirica, whereas P-pinene was the main compound of A. macrocephala and A. sphaerocephala (Satar 1986). Artemisia afrd oil was characteristic because of the presence of the monoterpenes a- and b-thujone, followed by 1,8-cineole, camphor and a-pinene (Graven et al., 1992).
The cluster analysis of essential oils from the data matrix of Table 4 allowed us to devise a first group of species composed of A. genipi, A. umbelliformis and A. petrosa, which were statistically linked because of the high percentage of a-thujone and the low b-thujone levels.
Artemisia absinthium L., wormwood, is a very aromatic herbaceous plant, common in the Mediterranean area, in Europe, Asia and North Africa (Bruneton 1995). The crude drug, Herba Absinthii, consisting of the dried leaves and blooming tops of the plant, is imported from the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, the former Yugoslavia, Hungary and Poland (Wichtl 1989). It has a characteristic, penetrant aromatic odour. Its taste is aromatic and intensely bitter.
The principal medicinal use of wormwood is as a bitter tonic, diaphoretic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antipyretic, emmenagogue and even schizonticide, but without clinical data to support this (Tyler 1993, 1994, Bruneton 1995). The plant is furthermore used to stimulate the appetite and to flavour some alcoholic beverages, including vermouth. The plant is also applied in perfume industry. The plant's essential oil and bitter principles underlie its medicinal and commercial significance. Essential oil contents between 0.2 and 1.5% in the crude drug have been reported in the literature (Wichtl 1989). The time of harvesting is very important for the quality of the drug (Steineggerand Hansel 1992).The maximal essential oil content is found just before blooming. More than 90 compounds have been identified in the oil (Nin et al., 1995). The essential oil mainly consists of the monoterpene ketones a- and b-thujone (= (-)-thujone and (+)-thujone, respectively) and the corresponding alcohol thujol (Fig. 1). These so-called "thujones" may comprise as much as 35% of the total oil (Bruneton 1995). Furthermore, trans-sabinyl acetate, cis-epoxycymeneand chrysanthenyl acetate can be abundant, depending of the origin of the plant material.
The [A. absinthium?] essential oil, having a very strong odour and acrid taste, is described as neurotoxic due to the high thujone content (Miller et al., 1981) and its use is proscribed in most countries (Tyler et al., 1981). The structure of thujone (Fig. 2) has been compared to that of tetrahydrocannabinol (del Castillo et al., 1975) and it has been postulated that thujone and tetrahydrocannabinol interact with a common receptor in the central nervous system (Martindale, 1982). In addition, Tosi et al. (1991) have reported that A. absinthium may contain potentially toxic levels of photoactive di- and ter-thiophenes.
https://book4you.org/book/837174/3e56a0?dsource=recommend
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aka apple-bearing sage. Buy or trade.
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Among Salvia spp., thujone content is affected by (1) genetics; (2) sunlight; (3) leaf age; (4) flowering stage; (5) seasonal variation.
S. pomifera (apple-bearing or Crete sage) has the highest thujone content (see below)
Excerpts from Sage: The Genus Salvia (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles) Edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios. Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000.S. officinalis is considered to have the highest essential oil yield among Salvia species, along with a higher total ketone content and a lower total alcohol content (Ivanic and Savin 1976, Newall et al., 1996). The major components of the essential oil of S. officinalis are α- and ß-thujones (35–50%, mainly a-) … Kustrak (1988) identified the following constituents in the essential oil (1.55% yield) of S. officinalis ssp. minorf.auriculata: α-pinene (5.5%), camphene (6.4%), limonene (2.4%), 1, 8- cineole (7.3%), α-thujonene (35.3%), ß-thujonene (5.6%), camphor (18.1%), linalyl acetate (1.7%), borneol (1.7%) and α-terpineol (5.9%). In another subspecies, ssp. angustifolia, Pace and Piccaglia (1995) identified 34 components, with the most abundant being ß-pinene (7%), 1, 8-cineole (8%), α-thujone (39%), ß-thujone (3%), camphor (2%), α-humulene (12.5%) and globulol (2%).
Extraction of individual leaves of S. officinalis showed a decrease in the α-thujone content, with a corresponding increase in the relative amount of camphor, related to leaf age. At Least two chemotypes of S. officinalis exist, one with a low α-thujone content (4–8%) and another with a relatively high content (16–32%) (Boelens and Boelens 1997).
In studies carried out by YanLi et al. (1996) sage (Salvia officinalis) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) plants were grown in a greenhouse under different shade cloths, or without shade, giving light levels of 15%, 27%, 45% and 100% of full sunlight. The total essential oil concentration in sage was highest (0.38% FW) in the plants grown at 45 % of full sunlight, and at this light level, the oil had a higher content of (+)-thujone and a decreased accumulation of camphor as compared with essential oils from sage grown at other light levels. [Cf. thyme, in which full sunlight yielded higher oil concentrations]
Oils from flowering and non-flowering accessions had different compositions, with significantly higher levels of thujones, ß-caryophyllene and viridiflorol determined in flowering accessions.
The sum of monoterpenes showed their peak value in spring, whereas the sum of thujones (especially α-thujone) and camphor were lowest in spring and highest in autumn-summer.
plants from north and south Dalmatia have a similar compositional character (27% thujone, 30–33% camphor), while plant populations from central Dalmatia differ much (47% thujone, and less than 14% camphor). It was stated, based on the results, that many of the morphological characteristics, and especially the essential oil composition are under genetic control.
The total thujone content is always high in S. pomifera, more than 58.7% of the total oil, whereas the highest amount of camphor (38.1%) has been recorded in S. officinalis oils. It should be noted that a total thujone content higher than 60.0% in a sage oil is rather rare and has been encountered only in a few S. officinalis oils (Lawrence 1979– 1995 and references therein; Boelens and Boelens 1997 and references therein).
Salvia pomifera “Cretan sage”
Salvia pomifera, the applebearing sage, has a very peculiar growth and is common on some of the Greek islands. It has firm, fleshy protuberances which are about 2 cm thick and swell out from the branches of the plant. They are produced in the same manner as oak apples by the puncture of an insect of the Cynips genus. These excrescences are semi-transparent like jelly and are called Sage Apples, which is the name by which they are sold in the market. They are candied with sugar and made into a kind of sweetmeat and conserve which is highly regarded by the Greeks as a delicacy (also said to possess healing and salutary qualities). It has an agreeable and astringent flavour. This plant is considerably larger than the common garden sage and it has a flavour and more powerful smell, which is a cross between lavender and sage. It grows very abundantly to the size of a small shrub in Candia (Crete) and Syros. The leaves are collected annually, dried and used medicinally as an infusion. The Greeks are particular as to the time and manner in which they are collected, the date being May 1, before sunrise. The infusion produces profuse perspiration, languor, and even faintness if used to excess. There is a smaller Greek salvia in Greece, the Salvia candica, which does not have excrescences.
https://book4you.org/book/849531/4699db?dsource=recommend
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On 11/04/2020 at 5:01 PM, EthnoDan said:Highest thujone content possible is the goal
A. absinthium contains a volatile oil of variable composition, with alpha- and beta-thujone as the major component, up to about 35%; sesquiterpene lactones (artabasin, absinthin, anabsinthin); azulenes; flavonoids; phenolic acids; lignans. Thujone is a toxic constituent which shows hallucinogenic and addictive activity .... It stimulates the brain; safe in small doses, toxic in excess. The azulenes are anti-inflammatory. The sesquiterpene lactones exhibit an antitumour effect and are insecticidal and anthelmintic. Essential oil from leaves—antibacterial, antifungal. The oil is toxic at 10 ml.
Source: Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary (2007)
The same source does not give a toxicity warning (or specify thujone percentage) either for Salvia officinalis, or for any other listed Artemisia species. Among A. vulgaris specimens, thujone percentage varied with altitude at which plants were grown (lower altitude = greater proportion of thujone etc.; higher altitude = greater proportion of terpenes).
A ton of published studies on thujone to be found here: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/alpha_beta-Thujone#section=General-Manufacturing-Information -- including reference to (draft) public statement on its use in herbal products https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/draft-public-statement-use-herbal-medicinal-products-containing-thujone_en.pdf
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I'm no expert but: Yes, a very beautiful pachanoid.
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Four types of Calamus are used in herbal medicine: type I—Acorus calamus L. var. americanus, a diploid American var.; type II—var. vulgaris L. (var. calamus), a European triploid; type III and type IV—var. augustatus Bess. and var. versus L., subtropical tetraploids.
Beta-asarone is carcinogenic in animals. Volatile oil of types II, III and IV—major constituent is usually beta-asarone (isoasarone), up to 96%. Indian calamus oil contains asarone up to 82% and its beta-isomer. In type I, beta-asarone and other phenylpropanoids are absent. It is superior in spasmolytic activity to the other types.
Indian practitioners mostly use A. calamus externally. Shveta Vachaa (Haimavati, equated with Acorus gramineus Scoland. Ex Ait., a diploid, is used internally. Unani physicians use Paris polyphylla Sim. as Khuraasaani Bach.
The essential oil-free alcoholic extract of A. calamus possesses sedative and analgesic properties.
Alpha-asarone potentiates pentobarbital, accounts for some, but not all, neurodepressive activity. Beta-asarone is reportedly hallucinogenic. (Francis Brinker.)
The ethanolic extract of rhizomes show significant antisecretory and antiulcerogenic activity; also, protective effect against cytodestructive agents, experimentally.
Source: Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary (Springer, 2007)
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On 24/03/2018 at 1:57 PM, Tøn said:Maybe it's just a case of people having been using it wrong as to its' perceived inactivity? Ie. that it works in the sleep state predominantly as opposed to being a waking experience.
"It may be that a particular bodily chemistry is required to react to the plant." Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants (print ed.) p. 182.
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Looking to acquire a copy of an article published in 1995 (4) by Torres and Torres.
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1 hour ago, saguaro said:a custodian for this knowledge
Indigenous knowledge?
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https://news.google.com/search?q=psilocybin depression melbourne&hl=en-AU&gl=AU&ceid=AU%3Aen
Millions of dollars being thrown at this nowadays.
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12 hours ago, kindness said:Maybe trying to mimic the areas where it has become a bugger to eradicate…
link is to South Oz fact sheet for ‘African rue’. https://data.environment.sa.gov.au/Content/Publications/pests_rue.pdf
Thanks for the info. That "allelopathic" property of the plant is good to know about (mine is often in pots with other plants; not any more).
Pity the poor cattle graziers and rabbitohs, eh?
Edit. So Peganum harmala seeds (and other parts of the plant) are being investigated for their potential as organic herbicide. Apparently harmaline is one of the compounds being researched for this purpose.
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This nursery just notified me that they have damiana plants back in stock. If you're willing and able to trade for cash.
https://www.allrareherbs.com.au/product/damiana-plant/
On 10/01/2022 at 9:24 AM, sim said:Looking for damiana plant/plants for trade.
(I've no experience dealing with this business)
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I was in Bunnings Coburg today, PC pachanoi clones $52 each, around 20cm tall. Sheesh!
If you're a Coburg local, Vasilli's Garden (a block or two from Bunnings) has much better-value offerings -- or did have, last time I was there. Plenty of mature San Pedro types hanging around the walls (pach and maybe scop). And a bunch of beautiful fat TBMs that were going for a song, nicely potted up in terracotta with a quartz top-dressing. I definitely shoulda grabbed more than just one!
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In a pinch, grab some cinnamon (or cassia, the more common 'false cinnamon' found in home kitchens). Either powdered or in aqueous solution, has been shown to work as fungicide. But surgery may be required in extreme cases.
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12 hours ago, Alchemica said:the probiotic strains used in commercial kombucha's
Thanks, that's good to know.
I think B. coagulans must be added to conventional kombucha/SCOBY, rather than being one of its typical components. https://mojobeverages.com.au/pages/activated-kombucha
(Why would it be added? To reinforce drink manufacturer's otherwise spurious claims of probiotic benefit? Or to trump potential home-brewers consuming the stuff without paying?)
In one of the studies I read, LABs may occasionally be found in addition to AABs, but not as a matter of course in kombucha fermentation. I doubt that home-brewers would find much B. coagulans in their beverage, other than by accident (use of an improperly washed milk bottle, for example).
Studies of kombucha don't usually examine boutique commercial offerings. But that would make for a good study, too.
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Intrigued, I had to look this up.
https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/nsw/ --- search "Shulgin" to find:
Regina v McEwen; Regina v Simpson; Regina v Simpson; Regina v Marcovich Matter Nos 60535/96 [1998] NSWSC 1005 (12 March 1998)
On 03/07/2012 at 2:16 AM, Torsten said:I've seen the appeal decision online some years ago, so it should be possible to find.
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Potassium shock can induce melt? I'm skeptical only because the claim appeared in an eBay listing that's mostly hype.
Psychedelics & social justice
in Sustainable Technologies & Ethical Living
Posted
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733185/full
Pace BA and Devenot N (2021) Right-Wing Psychedelia: Case Studies in Cultural Plasticity and Political Pluripotency. Front. Psychol. 12:733185. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733185