tripsis Posted December 27, 2010 Share Posted December 27, 2010 I posted this elsewhere a while ago, but forgot to do it here. Figure some of you might find the information in it useful. I'm yet to begin attempting any micropropagation, but will do so one of these days...and it's going to be great!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SALVIA SPP.: TISSUE CULTURE, SOMATICEMBRYOGENESIS, MICROPROPAGATIONAND BIOTRANSFORMATIONSPIRIDON E.KINTZIOSDepartment of Plant Physiology, Faculty of AgriculturalBiotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75,11855 Athens, GreeceINTRODUCTIONAlthough Salvia, one of the most commercially important and widely cultivatedmedicinal plants, is a perennial, it does not last above three or four years withoutdegenerating, so that plantations should be renewed at least every four years (Grieve,1994). In addition, and in spite of the fact that considerable progress has been made inthe field of the in vitro production of various secondary metabolites, such as rosmarinicacid and cryptotanshinone (see I. Hippolyte and Em. Panagiotopoulos, in this volume),the application of biotechnological methods for the propagation of these species israther limited. This might be due to the fact that most Salvia species can be easilypropagated by cut tings and layers, most frequently in the spring and in the autumn,by pulling off or pegging down shoots from three-year-old plants (Grieve, 1994). Somespecies, like S. sclarea, the clary sage, are propagated by seed, but for most species thismethod of propagation is limited by the rather low seed germination rate.There is, however, an increasing interest in the development of efficient protocolsfor the tissue culture and micropropagation of certain Salvia species, in order toestablish a relatively fast system for producing disease-free and true-to-type clonal(and therefore uniform) plants from outstanding genotypes. In addition, there issubstantial evidence that plant secondary metabolite production can be enchancedby the in vitro induction of morphogenesis, so that in vitro regenerated plants can bea useful resource for pharmacologically active compounds.Tissue culture techniques could also be invaluable for the conservation ofendangered or rare Salvia species, such as S. pratensis, a perennial restricted to a fewisolated populations in the Netherlands (varying in size from 10 to 1500 floweringplants) (Ouborg and Van Treuren, 1995).The present report focuses on a concise presentation of the various methodsdeveloped for the induction of callus, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis aswell as plant regeneration for micropropagation and breeding purposes of someSalvia species. Furthermore, the accumulation of secondary metabolites (inparticular rosmarinic and lithospermic acid) in in vitro differentiated tissues isreviewed.GENERALOptimization of the tissue culture procedure in Salvia has called for the employmentof different culture media (especially growth regulators) and culture conditions (suchas light and temperature) for each separate species. However, some features of theculture process are essentially the same for most of the cases studied:Explant SourceSeveral kinds of explants have been used for the establishment of tissue culturesfrom Salvia species, such as seeds (S. miltiorrhiza—Waldemar, 1996), shoot tips (S.miltiorrhiza—Morimoto et al., 1994), shoots with axillary buds (S. canariensis—Luis et al., 1992), young leaves (S. officinalis and S. fruticosa—intzios et al., 1996,1998), embryos (interspecific species of S. sclarea—Rusina et al., 1997) andseedlings from in vitro-germinated seeds (S. miltiorrhiza—Miyasaka et al., 1989,Gao et al, 1996).Explant DisinfectionSeeds and shoot explants have been regularly surface-sterilized in 1–2% solutions ofsodium or calcium hypochlorite (15 min-1 hr) usually followed by immersion in 70%ethanol (30s). Luis et al. (1992) additionally used Benlate (at a concentration of 1g/l) for the surface-sterilization of stem explants from mature S. canariensis plants.Finally, a surface-sterilization for 12 min in 0.1% (w/v) mercuric chloride solution,containing 1–2% Tween-80, is recommended for leaf explants (Kintzios et al., 1996,1998) derived from field-grown plants.When tissue-culturing certain Salvia species, explant browning can be an seriousproblem: explants develop necrotic areas which in some cases lead to expiantdecline and death. This effect is both genotype- and culture medium-dependent: Forinstance, in S. officinalis, application of a-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (BA) generally stimulated callus formation, but also promotedexplant necrosis (Kintzios et al., 1996). For the same species, the development ofnecrotic symptoms on explants was highly negatively correlated with callus induction. This effect was more profound at low light intensities (50 μmol m-2 s-1). Onthe contrary, browning of the S. fruticosa explants did not have any observableeffect on callus induction: almost all declined explants were able to dedifferentiateas a response to culture. The addition of ascorbic acid (at an optimal concentrationof 10 mg/l) to the culture medium greatly reduced the frequency of the necroticsymptoms.Culture MediumThe basal medium of Murashige and Skoog (MS medium) (1962) has been mostfrequently employed in the tissue culture of Salvia. Other types of media (usuallyof a lower ionic strength), such as Almacigo’s medium (Mederos and Lopez, 1991),White medium (White, 1943) or B5 medium (Gamborg et al., 1968) have beenoccasionally used.Culture ConditionsFor culture initiation, explants of various Salvia species have been incubated at 23–25 °C, over a 16 hr photoperiod and under a photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD) of 25–250 μmol m-2 s-1 (depending on the particular species).SPECIES-SPECIFIC PROTOCOLSSalvia miltiorhizzaCallus inductionCallus cultures of S. miltiorrhiza have been successfully induced from in vitro grownseedlings (epicotyles and hypocotyles) (Miyasaka et al., 1989, Waldemar, 1996) andshoot tips (Morimoto et al., 1994) on a solid MS medium supplemented with either4.5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 μM kinetin (Kin) (seedlingtissues) or 2.5 μM indolebutyric acid (IBA) and 1.3 μM BA (shoot tips) (usually undera PPFD of ca. 170 μmol m-2 s-1). In the latter case, adventitious shoot induction wasalways concomitant with callus formation, but replacement of IBA with 2,4-Denhanced the further induction of callus from in vitro regenerated petioles.Shoot and bud inductionShoot structures have been induced either through callus or directly on culturedexplants. Regeneration of shoots from callus cultures has been achieved on solid MSmedium supplemented with either 0.5 mg/l indoleacetic acid (IAA) and 4.6 μM Kin(seeling-derived callus) (Waldemar, 1996) or 4.6 μM Kin and 1.4 μM gibberellic acid(GA3) (formation of multiple shoot complexes from petiole-derived callus), under aPPFD of ca. 170 μmol m-2 s-1 (Morimoto et al., 1994).Seedling tissues (from sterile germinated S. miltiorrhiza seeds) have been used forthe direct induction of adventitious bud clumps on MS medium supplemented with2.6 μM BA and 0.5 mg/l IAA, under a PPFD of 36 μmol m-2 s-1 (Gao et al., 1996).Root inductionRooting of shoot cultures (several weeks-old) has been usually achieved on a growthregulator-free solid MS medium (Morimoto et al., 1994, Waldemar, 1996) or on solidB5 medium with 1 μM IBA (Gao et al., 1996).Regenerated plants were potted in either soil-leaf mould (1:4) or vermiculite andcultivated for 3–10 weeks (23–25 °C, 16:8 h, 125–200 μmol m-2 s-1) before beingcarried over to the greenhouse or the field for further hardening and cultivation.Tissue culture has been proven a very efficient propagation method for S.miltiorrhiza. Fifty four fertile plants could be regenerated from a single seed(Waldemar, 1996) while more than 107 clonal plants could be theoretically obtainedfrom a single shoot tip during a total period of 33–37 weeks (including the timenecessary for hardening transplanted regenerated plants).Secondary metabolite accumulationAerial parts of both seed- and stem regenerated S. miltiorrhiza plants demonstrated ahigher content of phenolic acids (rosmarinic and lithospermic acid) than parentalplants. The inverse was true for the roots, but, as Morimoto et al. (1994) mentioned,this could simply be due to the age difference of the plant material: parent plants weremuch older (at least three-years old) than regenerants (only a few weeks old).Accumulation of phenolic acids was essentially the same in shoots either regeneratedin vitro from callus cultures or clonally propagated from shoots (Morimoto et al.,1994). Interestingly, accumulation of phenolic acids in regenerated plants transferredafter rooting to vermiculite for 5 weeks, then cultured in soil for another 5 weeks, washigher than in plants cultivated continuously in vermiculite only. Callus culturesthemselves, on the other hand, demonstrated a rather poor accumulation potential,which was ca. 3–4 times lower than in regenerated plants.Salvia officinalis and S. fruticosaThe common sage is the most representative of the Salvia species. It has beencultivated for culinary and medicinal purposes for many centuries in Europe andMiddle-East (Grieve, 1994). It is a very variable species, possessing remarkablecurative properties. Many kinds of sage have been used as substitutes of tea.Salvia fruticosa is a sage species endemic to the Mediterranean region, commonlyused as a substitute of tea.Callus induction and somatic embryogeneisKintzios et al. (1996, 1998) reported on the induction of somatic embryogenesis fromleaf explants of Salvia officinalis and S. fruticosa on a MS medium supplementedwith 1.8–18 μZM 2,4-D and Kin or 10.5–21μ M NAA and BA. Only explants fromyoung plants (having 6–8 leaves) responded to the culture treatments and, in general,low light intensities (50 μmol m-2 s-1) favoured callus formation and induction ofsomatic embryos. S. fruticosa responded to culture much better than S. officinalis.Callus tissue was formed on explants of this species at a 95–100% rate under bothlow and high light intensities. The callus derived from S. fruticosa also grew at afaster rate than the one from S. officinalis explants (Fig. 1). Higher callus inductionrates were obtained for S. officinalis when equimolar auxin and cytokininconcentrations were used. This was also the case for 2,4-D and Kin, but only whenapplied at the lowest (1.8 μM) or the highest (18μM) concentrations. A novel growthpattern was observed for S. fruticosa callus: it maintained a much higher growth ratethroughout the period of investigation with only an intermediary slight growthreduction between the 2nd and the 3rd week after callus formation. For the latterspecies, higher PPFD values had an observable beneficial effect on callusproliferation.Globular somatic embryos were readily formed on callus tissue of both speciesafter 3 weeks in culture (Fig. 2). Only S. officinalis embrya, induced on 10.5 μM NAAand 10.5 μM BA, and S. fruticosa embrya, induced on 10 μM NAA and 21 μM BA,were able to further develop on the same medium until heart- and torpedo-shapedforms (1–2 mm long) appeared. On the contrary, globular embryos of both speciesinduced on 4.5 μM 2, 4-D and 4.5 μM Kin developed further only after being transferedto a medium with no growth regulators at all. The PPFD value had no effect on thematuration process. In every case, 1–2 mature embryos were counted per callus tissue.Secondary metabolite accumulationMaximum rosmarinic acid accumulation in S. officinalis callus cultured on 4.5 μM2, 4-D and 4.5 μM Kin coincided with the onset of somatic embryo induction (e.g. atthe beginning of the 3rd week after culture initiation), as well as during final embryodevelopment and maturation (6–7 weeks after culture initiation) (Fig. 1). Thus, theprocess of tissue redifferentiation in vitro was assossiated with an enhanced phenolicacid accumulation, as already aforementioned for S. miltiorrhiza.Salvia sclareaSalvia sclarea, the clary sage, is a biennial plant yielding an oil (clary oil) with a highlyaromatic odor, which is under increasing attention for its use in aromatherapy. Afterthe essential oil is removed the crude material is a source of sclareol which isconverted to the sclareolide; both are used commercially in the manufacture ofambergris perfumes and as inhibitors of growth of rust fungi (Grieve, 1994, Dweck inthis volume).Banthorpe et al. (1990) reported on the establishment of undifferentiated friable,white callus and derived cell suspension lines from stem explants of a sterile S. sclareaplant on a MS medium supplemented with either 4.5 μM 2, 4-D and 0.5 μM Kin or5.4 μM NAA and 0.5 μM Kin. A callus induction rate of ca. 80% was observed.Consequently, cell suspensions were established on MS liquid medium supplementedwith 4.5 μM 2, 4-D and 0.5 μM Kin. The cultures were used in order to study the invitro accumulation of sclareol.Rusina et al. (1997) used the method of isolated embryo culture for producinginterspecific hybrids of S. sclarea with the wild species S. scabiosifolia, S. grandifloraand S. aethiopis. Embryo growth in vitro and the frequency of hybrid plantlets wereaffected by the stage of embryo development, the composition of the medium and thegenotype of the parents. Optimum for hybrid production were modified Whitemedium and the torpedo stage of embryo development. The percentage of hybridsproduced was 12.2 to 38.3% depending on the cross. A study of the plants in the fieldenabled the selection of those with the highest essential oil content.S. canariensisThis species, which is endemic of the Canary islands, contains several diterpeneswith considerable antibiotic and antioxidant activities. Luis et al. (1992) inducedaxillary buds on stem segments taken from mature 13-year-old S. canariensis plantson a modified Almacigo’s medium supplemented with 0.01 μM BA and 0.01 μMNAA. Multiplication and elongation of the axillary buds was achieved on modifiedMS medium containing lower levels of BA (23–25 °C, 16 hr, 25 μmol m-2 s-1).CONCLUSIONExisting experience with tissue culture of Salvia sp. is limited o a small number ofspecies and mainly concerns callus induction from various explants in order tofacilitate the in vitro production of secondary metabolites. S. miltiorrhiza is probablythe only species where different approaches to plant regeneration in vitro have beensuccessfully taken. However, progress in somatic embryogenesis and recent researchon the technology of synthetic seeds, along with other advanced aspects of tissueculture (e.g. protoplast culture and fusion, creation of autotetraploid lines) couldoffer to a significant involvement of biotechnology to the propagation and breedingof the genus Salvia.REFERENCESBanthorpe, D.V, Brown, J.T, Morris, G.S. (1990). Accumulation of the anti-fungal diterpenesclareol by cell cultures of Salvia sclarea and Nicotiana glutinosa. Phy’tochemistry, 29/1,2145–2148.Gamborg, O.L., Miller, R.A., Ojima, K. (1968). Nutrient requirements of suspension culturesof soybean root cells. Exp. Cell Res, 50, 151–158.Gao, S.L., Zhu, D.N., Cai, Z.H., Xu, D.R. (1996). Autotetraploid plants from colchicinetreatedbud culture of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. Plant Cell. Tiss. Org. Cult. 47, 73–77.Grieve, M. (1994). A Modern Herbal. (Leyel CF, ed.), Tiger Books International, London.Kintzios, S., Nicolaou, A., Skoula, M., Drossopoulos, J., Holevas, C. (1996). Somaticembryogenesis and in vitro rosmarinic acid production from mature leaves of Salviaofficinallis and S. fruticosa biotypes collected in Greece. Eucarpia Series: Beitr. Z.Zuchtungsforschung, 282–285.Kintzios, S., Nicolaou, A., Skoula, M. (1998). Somatic embryogenesis and in vitro rosmarinicacid accumulation in Salvia officinalis and S. fruticosa leaf callus cultures. Plant Cell Rep.(in press)Luis, J.G., Gonzalez, A.G., Andres, L.S., Mederos, S. (1992). Diterpenes from in vitro-grownSalvia canariensis. Phytochemistry, 31, 3272–3273.Miyasaka, H., Nasu, M. and Yoneda, K. (1989). Salvia miltiorrhiza: In vitro production ofcryptotanshinone and ferruginol. In YPS Bajaj (ed.), Biotechnology in Agriculture andForestry, Vol. 7, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 417–430.Mederos, S.., Lopez, C.I. (1991). Acta Horticult., 289, 135.Morimoto, S., Goto, Y. and Shoyama, Y. (1994). Production of lithospermic acid B androsmarinic acid in callus tissue and regenerated plantlets of Salvia miltiorrhiza. J. Natl.Prod., 57, 817–823.Murashige, T., and Skoog, F. (1962). A revised method for rapid growth and bioassays withtobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant., 15, 472–497.Ouborg, N.J. and Van Treuren, R. (1995). Variation in fitness-related characters among smalland large populations of Salvia pratensis, J. Ecology, 83, 369–380.Rusina, L. V, Bugara, A.M. and Bugaenko, L.A. (1997). Using the method of isolated embryoculture for producing interspecific hybrids of sage. Fiziol. I Biokhimiya Kul. Ratenii 29,121–123.Waldemar, B. (1996). Micrpropagation and phenolic acids production of Salvia miltiorrhizaBuzge. Eucarpia Series: Beitr. Z. Zuchtungsforschung, 327–329.White, P.R. (1943). Nutrient deficiency studies and an improved inorganic nutrient for cultivationof excised tomato roots. Growth, 7, 53–65.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A related article.PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITESUSING LIQUID CULTURE OF SALVIA PLANTS:UP-TO-DATE REPORTS AND SCALE-UP POTENTIALEMMANOUIL PANAGIOTOPOULOS, MARIA SKAPETIAND CHRISOSTOMOS KAPETANOSDepartment of Plant Physiology, Faculty of AgriculturalBiotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens,Ieva Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, GreeceINTRODUCTIONSince ancient times, most of the plants in the Lamiaceae family have been mentionedfor their pharmaceutical and therapeutical abilities. Usually by mixing with otherspecies or by drinking the extract from boiled plant leafs, they have been used by folkmedicine as well as modern medicine until today. As a result, the research concerningSalvia plants is focused on the medicinal activity of individual substances that can befound in extracts from aerial parts or from roots of the plant. The majority of theactive—worthy of investigation substances are products of metabolic pathways thatapparently are not involved directly in growth or development, known as secondarymetabolites. Those secondary plant products appear to function mainly as defencesagainst predators and pathogens.As we can see, there is a great interest in using antioxidant, antimicrobial,antiviral and even anticancer substances that are products of “natural factories”,the plant cells. Natural products often have less side effects, when applied innormal dosages and they are more acceptable in a wide range of consumers. Themain disadvantage of natural substances is the small quantity that can be extractedfrom very large quantities of plant parts. Also, some species are difficult tocultivate in a wide range of environmental conditions and if they grow they give apoor product yield. Lining up against those disadvantages, tissue culture andespecially liquid culture seem to give a potential to future production of plantsecondary metabolites.SECONDARY METABOLITES OF SALVIA PLANTSCategories and Structure of Secondary MetabolitesThere are three major groups of secondary products according to their biosyntheticway: terpenoids, phenolics and nitrogen containing compounds.TerpenoidsTerpenoids are lipids synthesised from acetyl-CoA via the mevalonic acid pathway.They consist of five-carbon units that have the structural frame of the isopentane.The taxonomy is based on the number of the C5 containing units of the terpenoid. Sothe two C5-unit containing terpenoids are called monoterpenes (10 carbon atoms),the three C5-unit containing terpenoids are called sesquiterpenes (15 carbon atoms),the four C5-unit containing terpenoids are called diterpenes (20 carbon atoms) and soon (triterpens-30 carbon atoms, more than 40 carbon atoms-polyterpenes). Someterpenoids occur in primary metabolism pathways as in-between products of primaryproduction, such as some plant growth regulators (absisic and gibberellic acid) andcell membrane components (steroids from triterpenes). Most of plant terpenes areused as defence molecules having toxic activity that prevent herbivorous insects andhigher animals from eating plant tissues.PhenolicsPhenolic compounds are aromatic substances mainly formed via the sikimic acid orthe malonic acid pathway in various ways. This group has the characteristic of ahydroxyl joined to an aromatic ring. It is a rather heterogeneous group because somephenolics are water soluble, others can be solved only in organic solvents and someare insoluble polymers. They play various roles in the plant’s physiology, such asdefence against pathogens and herbivorous, mechanical enforcement and attractionto pollination insects.Nitrogen containing compoundsMost of those secondary products are synthesized by common amino acids. In thisgroup we can find many plant defense substances, such as alkaloids and cyanogenicglycosides. Plants from Salvia species do not contain any worthy substance from thiscategory of secondary metabolite.Main Secondary Metabolites in Salvia PlantsThe following compounds of Salvia plants that belong to the phenolics group havebeen studied:Rosmarinic acid (RA)Chemically known as a-O-caffeoyl-3, 4-dihydroxyphenillactic acid, rosmarinic acidbelongs to the phenolics group and it is characterised as a phenylpropanoid (Fig. 1).It was identified for the first time in rosemary extracts (Scarpati et al., 1958) and it isknown for its antioxidant activity. Rosmarinic acid is biosynthesised through thecondensation of caffeic acid and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. Two precursoramino acids—phenylalanine and tyrosine—are involved in this biosyntheticprocedure (Peterson and Alfermann, 1988). Quantities of phenolics indicatingrosmarinic acid have been extracted from various Salvia plant cells such as S.officinalis and S. fruticosa, with different concentrations of the phenylalanineprecursor in the medium (Panagiotopoulos et al. manuscript in preparation). Theapproximate quantitative determination of RA has been done by measuring theabsorption at 333 nm, the characteristic wavelength of phenolic rings of the callusethanolic extract. Another report (Hippolyte, 1990, see also Chapter 16 in thisvolume) gave an alteration of production by 50% with different hormonal balancesin the medium for S. officinalis suspension culture.Lithospermic acid B (LSA)Studies about lithospermic acid B (Fig. 2) as a Salvia plant extract have been mademainly in roots and rhizomes of S. miltiorrbiza Bunge. One of them (Fung et al.,1993) achieved isolation to > 95% purity by HPLC from the aqueous extract of theroots of the plant. This study involved a demonstration of the myocardial salvageeffect of LSA. Another report gave a comparative reference of seventeen differentSalvia species and varieties that gave a wide range of amounts of LSA, from 0.3 μtg/mg of extract at S. deserta to 258.3 μg/mg at S. paramiltiorhiza f. purpureo ruba,measured by LC-MS analysis (Kasimu et al., 1998).Salvianolic acidsSalvianolic acids A (Sai A), B and K are some of the different chemical structures inSalvia plants (Figs 3, 4, 5), all belonging to the phenolics group. Observed for the firsttime in roots of S. miltiorrhiza B. (Li et al., 1984), Sai A was investigated for itsprotective action against peroxidative damage to biomembranes (Liu et al., 1992).Some interesting work has been made, involving anti-oxygen radicals activities inrats (Lin and Liu, 1991), effects of Sai A on oxygen radicals released by ratneutropilis and on neutrophilic action (Lin et al., 1996) and generally antioxidantactivities of salvianolic acid. Quantitative determination gave considerable amounts(29.28 μg/mg) of salvianolic acid K in S. deserta, compared to other species (Kasimuet al., 1998).Concerning the terpenoids group, there have been reported many of them in Salviaplants. Particularly worth-mentioning is a report on the isolation of twenty oneabietatriene diterpenes grouped in five classes and found in only two Salvia species :S. canariensis and S. mellifera (Moujir et al., 1993). Those compounds wereevaluated for structure-antimicrobial activity. Most of known Salvia terpenoids havebeen evaluated for anti-fungal, antiviral and generally antimicrobial activity. We aregoing to refer to the most common terpenoids which are:TanshinonesAn extensive report on tanshinones, (Hu and Alfermann, 1993) in hairy rootcultures of S. miltiorrhiza B., gave an quantification of tanshinone I (Fig. 6),tanshinone IIA (Fig. 7), tanshinone IIB (Fig. 8), tanshinone V (Fig. 9), tanshinone VI(Fig. 10), cryptotanshinone (Fig. 11) and dihydrotanshinone I (Fig. 12), by means ofa quantitative HPLC. The cultures were established by sterile grown plants whoseroots were transformed by infection of five strains (only four gave roots) ofAgrobacterium rhizogenes. Production of cryptotanshinone was achieved by a seriesof suspension cultures with callus from seedlings of S. miltiorrhiza B., comparing anoriginal MS medium without Fe-EDTA and a simplified medium that finally gavebetter production of cryptotanshinone (110±4.86 mg/l) (Miyasaka et al., 1989).FerruginolIn the previous reference (Miyasaka et al., 1989), the production of ferruginol (Fig.13) was also achieved but with a better production in the original medium (69.3±.77mg/l). Hu and Alfermann (1993), also recorded the production of ferruginol fromtransformed root cultures of Salvia miltiorrhiza B., by leaf explants withouthormones in the medium, reaching a maximum of approx. 3.4 mg/g of dry weight.The most productive strain of the Agrobacterium rhizogenes was used for inducinghairy roots from the leaf explants.SclareolAnother diterpene, sclareol (lab-14-en-8, 13(S)diol) (Fig. 14) is used commercially inthe manufacture of ambergris perfumes and is also a potent inhibitor of growth ofrust fungi (Baily et al., 1975). Accumulation of sclareol by cell cultures of S. sclareahas been achieved at rates (μg/g per day) varying from 0.2 to 6% of those found in theparents plants. The maximum accumulation was shown to take place near the entryto the exponential growth phase (Banthorpe et al., 1990).Carnosic (carnosolic) acid and carnosolIt has been reported that carnosol (Fig. 15) and carnosic acid (Fig. 16), among manyother antioxidants, can give about 90% of the antioxidant activity of rosemaryplants (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) (Aruoma et al., 1992). Studies showed thatcarnosic acid gave the strongest inhibitory effect, among other substances extractedfrom R. officinalis L. (including carnosol), on HIV-1 protease in cell-free assays (Pariset al., 1993). Skin tumorigenesis was inhibited by carnosol, again from rosemaryplants (Huang et al., 1994). In Salvia species, those two diterpenes where isolatedfrom seven-day-old in vitro grown plantlets of S. canariensis, though neither carnosolnor carnosic acid could be obtained from 25-day-old plantlets (Luis et al., 1992).Underlying that many other terpenoids (as well as phenolics) have been alsoisolated from Salvia plants and studied for various biological activities, we point outthe interest in producing those medicinally important substances on industrial scale.SECONDARY METABOLITE PRODUCTION USING LIQUID CULTURELiquid Culture and the Mechanisms of Plant Secondary MetabolismSuspension cultures have been frequently used for the production of secondarymetabolites from various plants. The usual procedure is to transfer a callus from asolid medium to a liquid one (i.e. in conical flasks), establishing a suspension culture.Many works have been made to determine the parameters for the optimisation ofsecondary metabolite production, varying medium composition, culture conditionsand using different plant species and varieties.In each plant two conditions have to be met before a considerable production ofsecondary metabolites can be occur: the various enzymes directly involved insecondary metabolism have to be inducted and also sufficient supply of precursorsfrom primary metabolism is necessary before product accumulation can beobserved. Primary metabolism not only supplies secondary metabolism, but many ofthe same precursors are important to the synthesis of cell constituents. For thatreason there is often a competition for these precursors between the growth processand secondary metabolism. As a consequence, synthesis of secondary metabolitesoccurs especially when growth is slow or absent, often after the completion of adifferentiation process (van der Plas et al., 1995). It is often observed that secondaryproduction is induced when plant cells are under stress, a reaction that refers to thephysiological role of secondary metabolites. Liquid culture has the advantage ofeasier control of culture conditions so that with continuous suspension cultures wecan obtain specific growth stage treatments to enhance the production of thesecondary metabolite of interest.Enzymatic mechanisms were examined in rosmarinic acid (RA) formation inAnchusa officinalis cell suspension cultures (Mizukami and Ellis, 1991). Asexpected, the RA concentration increased progressively during the late lineargrowth phase, reaching a maximum in the stationary phase. The same metabolite(RA) in Salvia officinalis and S. fruticosa gave similar results concerning the phasethat the maximum production was achieved (Panagiotopoulos et al. manuscript inpreparation). In the same work the use of phenylalanine precursor, as well as highersucrose quantities in the liquid medium gave a slight support to the production ofRA. Suspension cultures were also used by Hu and Alfermann (1993) for theproduction of diterpenoids (tanshinones and ferruginol) from Agrobacteriumrhizogenes—trans formed leaf segments of Salvia miltiorrhiza. In this study aconsiderable percentage of the secondary metabolites was found in the liquidmedium. In another report of Miyasaka et al. (1989) involving in vitro productionof cryptotanshinone and ferruginol, secondary metabolites passed from the plantcells to the medium in a remarkable percentage, especially when immobilized cellswere cultured (see below).Cell Immobilization in Liquid CultureThere has been much interest in the use of immobilized cultured plat cells forbiotransformation and production of secondary metabolites. According to Miyasakaet al. (1986), the production of the diterpenes cryptotanshinone and ferruginol byimmobilized cultured cells of Salvia miltiorrhiza was successful. The two diterpeneswere produced continuously by immobilized cells using a two-stage culture method,with normal medium for growth and then medium without Fe-EDTA to suppress cellgrowth an induce the production of the two metabolites. For immobilization, cellswere entrapped on calcium alginate beads (mean diameter of 4mm) and after 25 daystheir productivity was calculated. In comparison with the free cell culture, productionof cryptotanshinone and ferruginol by immobilized cells was about 39 and 61%respectively, of the yield obtained from the free cells. Nevertheless, about 74% ofcryptotanshinone was released into the medium, whereas only 25% was released byfree cells. A similar “release effect” (the mechanism of this effect is unknown) was alsoreported for alginate entrapped cultured cells of Catharanthus roseus (Brodelius et al.,1979). After the re-use of the immobilized cells, they retained their viability but thetotal production of the diterpenes was lower, proba bly due to accumulated lipophilicmetabolites. This considerable attribute of some particular secondary substances cangive a different perspective to the production of individual metabolites with continuouscell suspensions, by simplifying the isolation process of the desirable secondary product,without the need of reestablishment of the culture after extracting the product.CONCLUSION—PERSPECTIVES FOR SCALE-UP PRODUCTIONThe commercial production of natural products from cell or tissue culture has longbeen a goal for plant biotechnology. Though a great deal of effort has been applied,only a handful of process has come to commercial fruition, principally in Japan, andeven in those instances production units operate at the limits of economic viability. Inspite of apparent lack of progress at the commercial level it is generally agreed thatthe potential of the synthesis of high value natural products from plant cell cultures istremendous (Stafford and Fowler, 1991).Bioreactors are in-wrought with the large scale production of secondarymetabolites, so it is obvious that study and optimisation of liquid culture can lead tothe desirable result. Stirred tank and airlift bioreactors are the most common in plantcell cultivation for secondary metabolites production. An example of bioreactorconfiguration developed by Wilson et al. (1990) is seen at Figure 17. At this point wecan mention a 200 1 bioreactor configured as a module spiral stirrer that producesrosmarinic acid from cultivated cells of Coleus blumei. Large scale processes basedupon plant cell cultures have been reported even up to 75m3 of a stirred tankbioreactor, growing cells of Rauwolfia serpentina (Westphal, 1990). Two-stageprocess formats, including cell immobilization, seem to be the most possible andeffective way to produce extracellular secondary metabolites from Salvia plants.Already evaluated bioreactor configurations can be tested in Salvia plants, giving toindividual secondary substances the potential for an industrial scale production.REFERENCESAruoma, O.I., Halliwell, B., Aeschbach, R., Loligers, J. (1992). Antioxidant and prooxidantproperties of active rosemary constituents: carnosol and carnosic acid. Xenobiotic, 22,257–268.Bailey, J.A., Carter, G.A., Burden, R.S., Wain R.L. (1975). Nature, 255, 328.Banthorpe, D.V., Brown, J.T., Morris, G.S. (1990). Accumulation of the anti-fungal diterpenesclareol by cell cultures of Salvia sclarea and Nicotiana glutinosa. Phytochemistry, 29/7,pp.2145–2148.Brodelius, P., Deus, B., Mosbach, K., Zenk, M.H. (1979). Immobilized plant cells for theproduction and transformation of natural products. Febs Letters, 103/1, 93–97Fowler, M.W., Stafford, A.M. (1992). Plant Cell Culture, Process Systems and Product Synthesis.In M.W. Fowler, G.S. Warren, and M. Moo-Young, (eds.) Plant Biotechnology, PergamonPress, Oxford, pp. 79–98.Fung, L.F., Zeng, L.H., Wu, J., Wong, H.N.C., Lee, C.M., Hon, P.M., Chang, H.M., Wu, T.W.(1993). Demonstration of the myocardial salvage effect of lithospermic acid B from theaqueous extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Life Sciences, 52, pp. PL 239–244.Hippolyte, I. (1990). Utilisation chez la Sauge (Salvia officinalis L.) de techniques de culturede tissus pour la multiplication vegetative par l’ isolement d’ apex et la production d’ aciderosmarinique par des suspension cellulaires. PhD thesis. U.S.T.L. Montpeller II.Hu, B.Z., Alfermann, A.W. (1993). Diterpenoid production in hairy root cultures of Salviamiltiorrhiza. Phytochemistry, 32/3, pp. 699–703.Huang, M.T., Ho, C.T., Wang, Z.Y., Ferraro, T., Lou, Y.R., Stauber, K., Ma, W., Georgiadis,C., Laskin, J.D., Conney, A.H. (1994). Inhibition of skin tumorigenesis by rosemary and itsconstituents carnosol and ursolic acid. Cancer Research, 54, 701–708.Kasimu, R., Tanaka, K., Tezuka, Y., Gong, Z.N., Li, J.X., Basnet, P., Namba, T., Kadota, S.(1998). Comparative study of seventeen Salvia plants: Aldose reductase inhibitory activityof water and MeOH extracts and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)analysis of water extracts. Chem Pharm Bull, 46/3, 500–504Li, L.N., Tan, R., Chen W.M. (1984). Salvianolic acid A, a new depside from roots of Salviamiltiorrhiza. Planta Med, 50, 227–228.Lin, T.J., Liu G.T. (1991). Protective effect of salvianolic acid A on heart and liver mitochondriainjury inducted by oxygen radicals in rats. Chin J Pharmacol Toxicol, 5, 276–281.Lin, T.J., Zhang, K.J., Liu, G.T. (1996). Effects of salvianolic acid A on oxygen radicals releasedby rat neutrophilis and on neutrophil function. Biochemical Pharmacology., 51, pp. 1237–1241.Liu, G.T., Zhang, T.M., Wang, B.E., Wang, Y.W. (1992). Protective action of seven naturalphenolic compounds against peroxidative damage to biomembranes. Biochem Pharmacol,43, 147–152.Luis, J.G., Gonzalez, A.G., Andres, L.S., Mederos, S. (1992). Diterpenes fron in vitro-grownSalvia canariensis. Phytochemistry, 31/9, pp. 3272–3273.Miyasaka, H., Nasu, M., Yamamoto, T., Endo, Y., Yondea, K. (1986). Production ofcryptotanshinone and feruginol by immobilized cultured cells of Salvia miltiorrhiza.Phytochemistry, 25/7, 1621–1624Miyasaka, H., Nasu, M., Yoneda, K. (1989). Salvia miltiorrhiza : In vitro production ofcryptotanshinone and feruginol. In Y.P.S. Bajaj (ed.), Biotechnology in Agriculture andForestry, Vol. 7, Medical and Aromatic Plants II, Springer-Verlag, pp. 417–430.Mizukami, H., Ellis, B.E. (1991). Rosmarinic acid formation and differential expression oftyrosine aminotransferase isoforms in Anchusa officinalis cell suspension culrtures. Plantcell reports, 10, 321–324.Moujir, L., Gutierrez-Navarro, A.M., Andres, L.S., Luis, J.G. (1993). Structure-antimicrobialactivity relationships of abietane diterpenes from Salvia species. Phytochemistry, 34/6, pp.1493–1495.Paris, A., Strukelj, B., Renko, M., Turk, V. (1993). Inhibitory effect of carnosolic acid on HIV-1 protease in cell-free assays. Journal of Natural Products, 56/8, pp. 1426–1430.Peterson, M., Alfermann, A.W. (1988). Z Naturforsch, 43C, 501–510.Scarpati, M.J., Oriente, G. (1958). Isolamento e costituzione dell’ acido rosmarinico. RicercaSci, 28/11, 2329–2333.Stafford, A., Fowler, M.W. (1991). Plant cell culture and product opportunities. Agro-IndustryHi-Tech, 2, 19–23.Van der Plas, L.H.W., Eijkelboom, C., Hagendoorn, M.J.M. (1995). Relation between primaryand secondary metabolism in plant cell suspensions. Competition between secondarymetabolite production and growth in a model system (Morinda citrifolia). Plant Cell, Tissueand Organ Culture, 43, 111–116.Westphal, K. (1990). Large scale production of new biologically active compounds in plantcell cultures. In H.J.J.Nijkamp, L.H.W.Van der Plas, and J.Van Aartrijk (eds.), Progress inPlant Cellular and Molecular Biology. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 601–608.Wilson, P.D.M., Hilton, M.G., Mechan, P.T.H., Waspe, C.R., Rhodes, M.J.C. (1990). Thecultivation of transformed roots from laboratory to pilot plant. In H.J.J.Nijkamp, L.H.W.Van der Plas, and J.Van Aartrijk (eds.), Progress in Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology.Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 700–705.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Protocols for Establishment of an In Vitro Collectionof Medicinal Plants in the Genus ScutellariaIan B. Cole , Faisal T. Farooq , and Susan J. MurchSummaryThe study of medicinal plants has many unique challenges and special considerations. These plants arestudied for their specific chemistry, or pharmacologic activity. Plants are highly sensitive to their environmentand respond through changes in their chemistry. To date, one of the biggest problems in the studyof medicinal plants has been the acquisition of consistent, positively identified material for chemical analysis.Successful protocols for the collection, identification, and establishment of medicinal plants speciesin tissue culture is invaluable for future studies. This protocol outlines methods to establish Scutellariabaicalenisis , and Scutellaria lateriflora from commercial seed sources, and collection and establishmentof Scutellaria racemosa from wild populations.Key words: Medicinal plants, Scutellaria, Medicinal biotechnology, In vitro propagation, Germplasmcollection1. IntroductionThe genus Scutellaria is a diverse and widespread genus withinthe family Lamiaceae , the mint family, with more than 350 speciesworldwide, covering geographic regions from Alaska to SouthAmerica, from Siberia to Japan, and throughout Europe, theMiddle East, and Asia ( 1 ) . Species within the genus Scutellariahave been widely used by many cultures to treat a variety ofdifferent ailments.Scutellaria baicalensis (Huang-qin) remains one of the mostcommonly prescribed herbs in both traditional Chinese medicineand in Japanese Kampo medicine ( 2, 3 ) . More than 275 scientificreports have appeared since 2000, outlining the medicinal effectivenessof the extracts of Huang-qin in the prevention and treatmentof many disorders including prostate cancer ( 4 ) , hepaticcancer ( 5 ) , HIV ( 6 ) , and neurodegeneration ( 7 ) . Animal studiesof S. baicalensis supplementation to the diet indicated protectionagainst aflatoxin –B1-induced liver mutagenesis ( 8 ) , inhibition ofliver fibrosis ( 9 ) , inhibition of hemin-nitrite-H 2 O 2 induced liverdamage ( 10 ) , and reduction of symptoms of Type 1 allergicreactions ( 11 ) .Scutellaria lateriflora , also known as “mad dog” or “skullcap,”is a native North American species that was used by theCherokee, Applachian, and Iriquois as a treatment for anxiety,psychosis, neurologic disease, and feminine difficulties ( 12, 13 ) .Currently, skullcap is sold in North America as a tea; tonic orcapsules made from dried aerial parts, and is used to treat epilepsy,St Vitus’s dance, insomnia, anxiety, neuralgia, and withdrawalfrom tranquilizers or barbiturates ( 14, 15 ) . Flavonoidsfound in S. lateriflora also inhibited [3H]-LSD binding to5-HT7 (sero-tonin) receptors ( 15 ) and reduced anxiety levelsin rats ( 16 ) .Scutellaria racemosa , is a native of Central and South Americathat has recently become an invasive species in the southernUnited States ( 17, 18 ) . Ethnobotanic evidence suggests that theCauca peoples of Columbia and Ecuador use specifically selectedecotypes of S. racemosa in a ceremonial or narcotic preparation.Bianchi et al. ( 19 ) demonstrated that extracts of S. racemosa hadneuroprotective activity in stressed animal models but very littleresearch has been done with this species, in part because of a lackof available plant material for study.One of the major requirements for research is to identify specificmedicinally active phytochemicals from Scutellaria speciesis the development of optimized protocols for growth, production,harvest, handling, and for preventing the loss of wild germplasm(20, 21). Controlled environment production systems have thepotential to provide a continuous supply of consistent plantmaterial, free from pathogens or abiotic contamination [(22), (seeNote 1)]. Previous reports have provided detailed methods forin vitro establishment and production of S. baicalensis(3, 23, 24).However, the potential of many species including S. lateriflora,S. racemosa and their ecotypes remains unexploited. In many cases,species of Scutellaria are identified only by wild collection andherbaria vouchers. For example, TROPICOS, the database of theMissouri Botanical Garden, lists approximately 800 field collectionsof Scutellaria identified by dried shoot and floral tissues,with GPS coordinates locating populations and correspondingmaps that locate the site of collection. Recently, these resourceswere used to identify ten new species of Scutellaria in Mesoamerica,an indication of the rich genetic resources remaining undiscoveredin the genus (25).2. Materials2.1. Plant MaterialIn this chapter we describe standardized, efficient protocolsfor in situ field collections, species identification, in vitro establishment,regeneration, and controlled environment productionof axenic cultures of three Scutellaria species namely S. baicalensis,S. lateriflora and S. racemosa.S. baicalensis and S. lateriflora seeds were obtained from Richter’sHerb’s, Goodwood, ON ( see Note 2 ); S. racemosa material was collectedfrom wild populations in Florida. The location of populationsof desired plant species was facilitated by herbarium databases suchas Missouri Botanical Garden’s W3TROPICOS database ( http://http://www.mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html'>http://www.mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html ), Florida StateUniversity ( http://www.herbarium.bio.fsu.edu/search-specimens.'>http://www.herbarium.bio.fsu.edu/search-specimens.php ), Fairchild Tropical Garden ( http://www.virtualherbarium.'>http://www.virtualherbarium.org/vh/db/index.htm ), The New York Botanical Garden (http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/virtualherbarium.asp) and from the Universityof South Florida’s Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants database( http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/'>http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/ ) ( 26 ) . In the case of S. racemosa ,the databases have records of about 27 populations, which have beencollected in North America between 1974 and 2002. We chose tosample populations in Florida for several reasons including: access topopulations on public lands, ease of collection, persistence of thepopulation since first description and geographic distribution. S.racemosa was collected from three sites in Florida in January of2005 ( Fig. 2b ) .2.2. Field Collection SuppliesConditions in the field are highly dynamic and change frequently.Check the weather of the area in which you will be working anddress appropriately. No matter what the weather predictions are;bring a raincoat. Additionally it is important to understand risksfrom wild animals, spiders, insects, or snakes. Immunizations area good idea if you are working in an area with the risk of malariaor hepatitis. Once in the field you will need to have all of the necessarysupplies for collecting material and getting it safely backto the laboratory. An assortment of Ziploc bags, plastic 25- or50-mL tubes, and paper towels or newspaper should be in yourpack as well as a weather-proof field notebook, camera, and severalpencils. To physically harvest plant material, it is importantto have a large knife or machete, pruners or secateurs, and a smallpocket-knife for delicate cuts ( see Note 3 ).2.3. Building a Plant PressPlant presses are typically constructed of two pieces of slattedwood 12″ × 18″ ( ~ 30 × 45 cm) filled with pieces of corrugatedcardboard and blotter paper or newspaper to provide air ventilationand absorb moisture. The plant press is secured with webbedstraps [ ( 27 ) ; Fig. 2d ].2.4. Surface Sterilization SolutionsSolutions used in surface sterilization of seeds and tissues includecommercially available bleach ( ~ 5.25% sodium hypochlorite) arediluted with water, and made into 10 and 20% solutions. Otherchemicals include: 90% ethanol, the detergent Tween-20 (PhytotechnologyLaboratories Inc.; Lexana, KS); and Plant PreservationMixture (PPM) which was purchased from Plant CellTechnology Inc., (Washington DC).2.5. Tissue Culture Media and Culture VesselsAll media are prepared in 1 L media bottles with screw-on caps.The ingredients of media are 30 g/L sucrose, 4.33 g/L MS salts,and 1 mL/L Gamborg’s B5 vitamin solution (Sigma; Canada).The pH of the media is adjusted to 5.75 using 1 N NaOH, and1 N HCl solutions. The plant growth regulators indoleacetic acidand indolebutyric acid are added to media prior to autoclaving.To solidify media, 7 g/L agar is added (Laboratory Grade Agar;Fisher Scientific, Mississauga, ON). All media are autoclaved at121°C and 20 lb pressure for 25–30 min.Seeds are germinated in sterile clear Petri plates (Fisher-Scientific,;Canada). Plant material is grown in Phytotech P700culture boxes (Phytotechnology Laboratories Lexana, KS).3. Methods3.1. Seed Germination1. Seeds are surface sterilized by immersion in 95% ethanol for30 s, and then in 20% bleach containing 2 drops per 100 mLTween-20 for 18 min. Seeds are then rinsed at least threetimes with sterile distilled water ( see Note 4 ).2. Seeds are germinated in Petri dishes containing 25 mL 0.8%agar containing 4 mL PPM.3. Seed germination occurs after incubation in a dark growthchamber at 24°C for 14 d.3.2. Identification and Collection of Scutellaria Racemosa (Pers.)from Wild Populations for In Vitro Culture3.2.1. Preparations for Field Collections1. All field collections should be performed with appropriatepermissions and in compliance with the Convention onBiological Diversity (CBD) and the Convention on InternationalTrade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES). In the case of S. racemosa , the plant is an obligateweed in Florida, it is not an endangered species and thereforenot covered by the CITES treaty and there are no restrictionson collection from public lands. However, collection ofany plant material from private lands should always be avoidedunless permission to collect is requested and granted.2. It is necessary to obtain appropriate permits for transport ofany field collections of plant material from the site of collectionto the research laboratory. Plant import permits are issuedby the Plant Protection agency of each country. For details ofthis process and application forms, please see APHIS/USDA( http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/permits/index.'>http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/permits/index.shtml ) or the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Plant ProtectionBranch ( http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/for/'>http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/for/pdf/c5256e.pdf ). For wild collections of S. racemosa in Florida,USA and subsequent transport to the research laboratoryin Canada, permits were required to allow the collection andtransportation of seeds and plant meristems ( see Note 3 ).3. There are a number of effective resources that are helpful inidentifying unique characteristics of the plant. Such resourcesinclude herbaria specimens and published monographs thatare available as published books or journals including SystematicBotany Monographs published by the American Societyof Plant Taxonomists ( http://herbarium.lsa.umich.edu/SBMweb/index.html ), and the Kew Bulletin ( http://www.kew.org/publications/kewbulletin.html ). An example of aherbarium voucher for S. racemosa is seen in Fig. 1 . Scutellariais highly heterophyllus genus however; S. racemosa iseasily identifiable in the field by the consistently hastate leavesand flower corollas less than 7 mm long [ ( 1 ) ; Fig. 2a ].3.2.2. Collection of Scutellaria in the Field1. The field notebook is essential for accurate records of plantcollection, preparation of herbarium vouchers and creating arecord of plant locations. It is important to use a notebookwith cloth, waterproof, all-weather writing paper and to writefield notes in pencil that will not run when wet. The followinginformation is crucial to the plant collection process:(a) Collector(s) full name(s).(https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/uploads/emoticons/default_cool.png Date of collection.© Detailed location: country, state, county or province,roads, road junctions, mile markers, distance to cities ortowns, elevation, and GPS coordinates.(d) Habitat: type of plant community and other plants growingin the area.(e) Plant habit: the form of the plant (herb, vine, tree shrub)and its height(f) Frequency: is the plant rare, occasional, frequent, or common?(g) Plant description: record any characteristics which may belost upon drying such as aroma, flower colour, fruit colour,or leaf orientation.(h) Unique collector number: assign each collection an individualnumber.2. Field notes from the collection of S. racemosa are shown inFig. 2c . In brief, field collection of S. racemosa consisted ofcollection of seeds and meristems. Initially, all plant materialwas photographed to provide a visual record. Seeds werecollected from fully mature, dehisced flower heads. About100–200 seeds per flower stalk should be collected into plastic50-mL tubes. Seeds should be collected from at least threedifferent plants at random and details of the collection shouldbe recorded in the field notebook. For meristem collections,healthy stems, about 15- to –35-cm long are excised from thegrowing plants using secateurs or a knife. It is important toselect healthy material from as many different plants in thepopulation as possible however, this may be difficult if populationsare in decline or dormant.3. Following harvest, plant material should be transportedquickly. For S. racemosa , the most effective means of transportwas immersion of the cut surface in a container of clean, tepidwater. Store the container with cuttings out of the direct sun ina cool place and transport to tissue culture facility within 24 h.3.2.3. Making Herbarium VouchersHerbarium vouchers create a permanent record of your collectionsand should be stored at institutes in many different locations( see Note 5 ). In order to comply with the requirements ofdifferent herbaria, all specimens must be prepared according towell-established international guidelines. It is important to fileherbarium vouchers of field collections at four or five differentherbaria for comparison and to avoid loss if one herbarium suffersan unavoidable catastrophe. Specimens must be properly driedand pressed for mounting as described below ( see Note 5 ).1. For herbaceous species, stems about 31-cm long are appropriatefor herbarium vouchers. Stems should be complete withattached leaves and roots, as well as flowers and/or fruits ifpossible. For larger specimens, aquatic plants or cacti etc., differentprocessing of the tissues may be required.2. Stems are arranged onto a 27 × 38-cm piece of newspaper ina lifelike manner (i.e., shoots toward the top of the sheet androots toward the bottom which allows observation of all morphologicalstructures, especially reproductive, including bothsides of leaves and several stages of development of shoots, orflowers). Fold newspaper over the stems ( Fig. 2d ) ( see Note 6 ).3. A label should be prepared for all herbarium specimens. Thelabel is usually 4.5 -wide with the collector number, collector’sname, collection date, and location of collection correspondingto records in the field notebook.4. The newspaper with the plant material protected is carefullyfolded and placed in press between sheets of blotter paper andcardboard. Straps are tightened on plant press and the pressis dried using one of several different techniques. For mostapplications with small herbaceous plants, dry under lightusing three 60–120 W incandescent light bulbs for 24–36 hand transport to herbarium for mounting ( see Note 7 ).5. Replicate herbarium voucher specimens should be donated toherbaria in at least four different locations in order to ensurethat the samples will be preserved in perpetuity ( see Note 8 ).3.3. Creation of an In Vitro Germplasm Collection of Scutellaria Racemosa from Field Collections1. Stems of S. racemosa collected in the field are transportedto the tissue culture laboratory within 24 h of collection( see Note 5 ).2. Stems are cut into 4- to 5-cm pieces and surface sterilized witha 20% solution of bleach and two drops of Tween-20 for 30min, washed with sterile distilled water 3 times and culturedonto basal culture media (MSO) for shipping to final destination( see Note 6 ).3. Subculture of the field collected plant material onto freshMSO is required within 3 d of shipping. Meristem sections(0.5–1.0 cm) are excised from the field collected shoots andsubcultured onto fresh MSO medium in Phytotech P700Culture Boxes. All cultures are incubated in a growth chamberwith a 16-h photoperiod under cool-white light, 22–45m mol/m 2 /s at 25°C. Shoot apices were subcultured every 3wk ( Fig. 1f ) . It is interesting to note that several cultures ofScutellaria produced profusions of shoots after 4–6 wk ofculture under these conditions ( Fig. 1f ) ( see Note 6 ).3.3.1. Maintenance of the In Vitro Collection of Scutellaria1. Once a collection of germplasm of Scutellaria species hasbeen established, the plants provide tissue for optimizationand phytochemical quantification experiments. All culturesmust be transferred to MSO medium devoid of any growthregulators prior to bioassays, optimization studies or chemicalanalysis ( see Note 9 and Note 10 ).2. Plants kept on MSO medium with a 16-h photoperiod willneed to be subcultured every 6 wks to maintain the collection.3. More rapid growth of Scutellaria plantlets in culture isachieved by supplementation of the MSO medium with 1.0m M kinetin.4. Rooting of the in vitro plantlets is facilitated by supplementationof the medium with 2.5 mM indoleacetic acid (IAA) or0.5 mM indolebutyric acid (IBA).4. Notes1. In vitro-grown plant material has many advantages, especiallyfor importing and exporting plants across borders. Axenic,sterile shoots are free from many of the strict regulations surroundingthe shipping of cuttings, bare roots, seeds, or otherplant parts.2. In the commercial marketplace, adulteration of Scutellaria laterifloraseeds with Teucrium , (germander) has been reportedand selection of a reputable seed source is crucial to the successof both experiments and commercialization efforts. Further,the germination of some seeds under greenhouse conditionsfollowed by comparison of the plants with herbarium vouchersis required for positive identification of the species.3. This is a very basic set of supplies for the field. It is necessaryto make many decisions on what to bring, based on where thework will take place.4. Scutellaria seeds responded very well to this basic surfacesterilization protocol. However, some species require moreextensive methods to remove pathogens from the surface ofthe seeds.5. Another important use of herbarium vouchers is the abilityto study and observe the plants of interest to assist in identifyingplants in the field. This section is a brief description ofherbarium voucher mounting and preparation. Such workis considered to be an art. For further information pleaserefer to ( 27 ) .6. Ideally, plant material would be cultured immediately uponharvest. However, because of the nature of field collection,this is not always possible. Often material must betransported prior to culture. It is important to keep plantmaterial damp either in a vessel of water, or wrapped inwet paper towels or newspaper. It is also important to keepplant tissues safe from extreme environmental conditionssuch as direct sunlight or snow. These extreme conditionscan also affect the material while it is stored in a backpack,or clothing.7. The value of a herbarium voucher is determined by the carein which the plant material is dried, pressed, and mounted.If the stem tissue is dried in a manner which shows manymorphologic characteristics, the voucher will be invaluablefor later studies. For detailed information on this processplease see reference ( 27 ) .8. There are many different drying methods and drying-ovendesigns. Some of which are very simple, such as the fieldmethod suggested above, whereas other oven designs canbe very complicated. It is important to use the best designfor the project. If many vouchers will need to be prepared, alarger oven may be necessary.9. In these studies, Scutellaria was subcultured by excising stemsegments, with 1–2 nodes, about 5-mm in length. Thesenodal segments were then aseptically placed on fresh mediain a laminar flow hood.10. For phytochemical studies , it is common to need large quantitiesof plant material for controls and all of the treatmentsin a given experiment. We found that subculturing Scutellariainto 750-mL culture vessels allowed the plantlets togrow larger and supplied much more material for extractionsand chemical analysis. It is very important to culture materialonto media free from plant growth regulators (auxins andcytokinins) for several weeks prior to phytochemical analysis.Some of these compounds can affect the chemical profile ofsamples, and could skew the data.References1 . Paton , A. (1990) . A global investigation ofScutellaria (Labiatae) . Kew Bull . 45 , 399 – 450 .2 . Watanabe , H. , Kobayashi , T. , Meibou , T. ,Sekiguchi , Y. , Uchida , K. , Aoki , T. , and Cyong ,J.C. (2002). Effects of Kampo herbal medicineon plasma melatonin in murine sarcoma S 180both in vitro and in vivo . Biol Pharm. 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Li , F.Q. , Wang , T. , Pei , Z. , Liu , B. , and Hong ,J.S. (2004). Inhibition of microglial activationby the herbal flavonoid baicalein attenuatesinflammation-mediated degeneration ofdopaminergic neurons . J Neur Trans . 112 ,331 – 347 .8 . de Boer , J.G. , Quiney , B. , Walter , P.B. , Thomas, C. , Hodgson , K. , Murch , S.J. , andSaxena , P.K. (2005.) Protection against aflatoxin-B1-induced liver mutagenesis by Scutellariabaicalensis Mut . Res . 578 , 1 – 22 .9 . Nan , J.X. , Park , E.J. , Kim , Y.C. , Ko , G. , andSohn , D.H. (2002). Scutellaria baicalensisinhibits liver fibrosis induced by bile duct litigationon carbon tetrachloride in rats . J PharmPharmaco . 54 , 555 – 563 .10 . Zhao , Y. , Li , H. , Gao , Z. , Gong , Y. , and Xu ,H. (2000). Effects of flavonoids extractedfrom Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi . Onhemin-nitrite-H2O2 induced liver injury. Eu JPharm . 536 , 192 – 199 .11 . Lim , B.O. (2003). Effects of wogonin, wogonosideand 3,5,7,2 ¢ ,6 ¢ -pentahydroxyflavoneon chemical mediator production in peritonealexcudate cells and immunoglobin E ofrat mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes . JEthnopharm . 84 , 23 – 29 .12 . Moerman , D.E . (1998). Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press , Portland, OR .13 . Johnson , T . (1999). CRC Ethnobotany Reference. CRC , Boca Raton, FL .14 . Foster , S . and Tyler , V.E . (1999). Tyler’s honestherbal . New York , Haworth Herbal Press, NJ .15 . Gafner , S.C. , Bergeron , L.L. , Batcha , J. ,Reich , J. , Arnason , J.T. , Burdette , J.E. , Pezzuto, J.M. , and Angerhofer , C.K. (2003).Inhibition of [3H]-LSD binding to 5-HT7receptors by flavonoids from Scutellaria lateriflora. J Nat Prod . 66 , 535 – 537 .16 . Awad , R. , Arnason , J.T. , Trudeau , V. ,Bergeron , C. , Budzinski , J.W. , Foster , B.C. ,and Merali , Z. (2003). Phytochemical andBiological analysis of Skullcap (S cutellaria laterifoliaL.): a medicinal plant with anxiolyticproperties . Phytomed . 10 , 640 – 649 .17 . Kral , R. (1973). Some notes on the flora ofthe southern states, particularly Alabama andTennessee . Rhodora . 75 , 366 – 410 .18 . Krings , A. and Neal , J.C. (2001) . South AmericanSkullcap ( Scutellaria racemosa : Lamiaceae)in the Southeastern United States . SIDA . 19 ,1171 – 1179 .19 . Bianchi , A . (2006). Attivita antidepressiva didue specie di Scutellariae Colombiane . VIConvegno AMIAR . Torino, Italy .20 . Murch , S.J ., KrishnaRaj , S ., and Saxena P.K .(2000). Phytopharmaceuticals: Problems, Limitationsand Solutions . Sci Rev Alt Med . 4 ,33 – 38 .21 . Saxena , P.K ., Cole , I.B ., and Murch , S.J .(2007) . Approaches to quality plant basedmedicine: Significance of chemical profiling .In: Applications of plant metabolic engineering. ( Verpoote , R ., ed.), Springer , NY , pp.303 – 323 .22 . Murch , S.J. , KrishnaRaj , S. , and Saxena , P.K.(2000) Phytopharmaceuticals:Mass-Production,Standardization and Conservation . SciRev Alt Med . 4 , 39 – 43 .23 . Zobayed , S.M.A. , Murch , S.J. , Rupasinghe ,H.P.V. , de Boer , J.G. , Glickman , B.W. , andSaxena , P.K. (2004). Optimized system forbiomass production, chemical characterizationand evaluation of chemo-preventive propertiesof Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi . Plant Sci .167 , 439 – 446 .24 . Cole , I.B. , Saxena , P.K. , and Murch , S.J.(2007). Medicinal biotechnology in the genusScutellaria . In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant . 43 ,318 – 327 .25 . Pool , A. (2006). New species of Scutellaria(Lamiaceae) from Mesoamerica . Novon . 16 ,388 – 403 .26. Wunderlin, R. P., and B. F. Hansen. (2004).Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants (http://http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/'>http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/). (Landry, S. M.and Campbell, K. N., ed.), Florida Center forCommunity Design and Research. Institutefor Systematic Botany, University of SouthFlorida, Tampa, FL.27 . Bridson D . and Forman , L . (2004). The HerbariumHandbook . The Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew Press , Richmond, BC .--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What I find really interesting about the second article, the one about the production of secondary metabolites in Salvia spp. using liquid cultures, is that if one had the desire and right equipment, one could theoretically produce, lets say, terpenoids or diterpenoids, without even growing the plant which would usually produce them. Personally, I would prefer to grow the plant, but I find it intriguing nevertheless.Some pics of micropropation with an ethnobotanical twist.Salvia clones from micropropagation:https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/salvia3_20040601142656.jpg&key=f57752457d011c5148c7bf08a2c4cb1b170000ece498369b5db15252871cb93chttps://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/salvia_phase4_totally_hardened_off_20040508010247.jpg&key=66109ea7648945cb2e93fb4aa9da54720a48d2b8e5d0d6da1493786d1438626fhttps://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/salvia4_2_20040413005206.jpg&key=0f907dcb8fe9842514b65e153f6fd89758e1b1b488453211f5550e53a9d31643https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/salvia_20040302232251.jpg&key=ab1196403113f40d6aae6e2c8498bd98186dbe980a3f4c44585d7d54118ce420https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/salvia1_20040217134513.jpg&key=1609c8ee016ec835f84c29ec62db02d098b76dc1aed88b20b96e2e48a6476f41Lophophora fricii:Callus culturehttps://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/fricii_callus3_20040229232312.jpg&key=a42c53ad2a016e9e453d76af9701cc07433ea47bee94d7d0751ba89f7180c202Callus culture with shoot formationhttps://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/fricii_callus_buttons_20040217234447.jpg&key=cd95391373f80ca3b5e1cac7470c1bf2301649337cffae17ec5d060c585b01d0Lophophora phase 1:https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/peyote_phase1_20040217235201.jpg&key=4fa2cb19dc1bf1d70020fd831f9456129e364de873abda242d92cbe0edb6d983Lophophora phase 3:https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/loph_phase3_20040217134733.jpg&key=ae0c07f50919226efbd97a242538352b2d917aa600c511296cb5506fae05cca1Lophophora jourdaniana phase 2:https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/fricii_phase2_20040217142801.jpg&key=e24cbd21b634a6d0b9181445bc9e0f6579caf7efe05e9e7407a7e5fd69f6788eTrichocereus pachanoi phase 1 explants:https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/phase1_2_20040214010018.jpg&key=1fb26980473478295036589806c463152351e76bacde89b3615e5068ec1d49bahttps://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/phase1_20040214005959.jpg&key=26a509baca09a521909531c7fdee2647807d8d6f035830677e5480a032202e2fT. pachanoi phase 3:https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/pedro_phase3_20040217134807.jpg&key=78eccd2ad6fa9d64cfa4cef19389c72b55813a2c6428173235e68ac76c50104bT. pachanoi phase 3 explants:https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/phase2_20040214010559.jpg&key=72ec196c2aa119c271c2582f29fd59f9e2a60ab6d28aece243d09aa911483cd3https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/phase2-2_20040214010539.jpg&key=7a82a16e5542fa23bf36d74525425a72dd39ac79656bdb8c0570200df91a5a6fWhile searching for information on micropropagation here, I found a post by teonanacatl saying that he had an article on the micropropagation of Lophophora species specifically that he was going to pass on to darklight. Does anyone have a copy of that article? 5 Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
shortly Posted December 27, 2010 Share Posted December 27, 2010 I havent seen the article from teonanacatl, but i lifted this from mycotopia a while back.For Lophophora Williamsii medium:Medium---------Base:Standard Murashig and Skoog basal saltVitamines:Niacin 0.5 mg/lThiamine Hcl 0.5 mg/lPyrodoxine Hcl 0.5 mg/lI-Inostitol 100 mg/lDextrose:30 g/lAgar:10 g/lCombine 100ml of above with:1 ppm (1ug/ml) 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)5 ppm (5ug/ml) BA (6-Benzylaminopurine aka. benzyl adenine)To start your Lophophora tissue before you subculture onto the above medium, use the same mix, but change the following:include: 2,4-D (same concentration, 1ppm)add: 10-15% liquid endospermexlude: 5 ppm 6-Benzylaminopurine Lighting should be a 16/8 day/night cycle as well... The cultures also like blue light, not so much the red.From this initiation medium, to the subcluture medium you could experiment and find something better maybe? Or i have a PDF of MICROPROPAGATION OF CACTUS (Opuntia ficus-indica) that i can send you if you like. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
tripsis Posted December 27, 2010 Author Share Posted December 27, 2010 Seems like pretty decent information. What do they mean by "liquid endosperm" I wonder?Now to find sources for hormones in Australia... Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Darklight Posted December 27, 2010 Share Posted December 27, 2010 Seems like pretty decent information. What do they mean by "liquid endosperm" I wonder? Liquid endosperm usually = coconut water. That's *water*, not milk. Don't buy it from the supermarket! You can prepare it yourself, it requires cooking and filtering.http://plant-tc.cfans.umn.edu/listserv/1998/log9803/msg00205.htmlhttp://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/molecular-biology/plant-biotechnology/tissue-culture-protocols/media-preparation.html#coconutBut really, buy it in, save yourself time and hassle. Coconut water is what's called a biological indeterminate, inasmuch as it's chemical composition can vary widely between batchesI got a copy of the paper from Teon, but it didn't work for me and I didn't keep a copy. Even different batches of seed can give different results, the media didn't agree with my stockThe media was used to try to initiate callus and regenerate plants from 2yo stock in-vitro plants and looked like this:Lophophora callus inductionMurashige and Skoog Basal Media ( with vitamins ) + 30g/L sucrose + 1mg/L 2-4D MS + 10% coconut water + 7g/L gelcarin pH5.8 under coolwhite lights 16/8 at 24CLophophora callus prolifMurashige and Skoog Basal Media ( with vitamins ) + 30g/L sucrose + 1mg/L 2-4D + 5mg/L BAP + 10% coconut water + 7g/L gelcarin pH5.8 under coolwhite lights 16/8 at 24CI got callus but no regen, which is pretty much the case once you've pushed your plants too far into bat country when initiating the callusAm just including this so you know it's been tried unsuccessfully in my case. It's almost identical to the one from Mycotopia but there is a slight difference with the vitamins- which sometimes can make a difference, lophs are weird about vitamins IME. Worth a shot.Were the people who posted the media recipe at Mycotopia the same people who posted the pics? The pics are very lovely, but sometimes they're using a different media to the people who may have just posted the media and never have tried it. Worth checkingNote: ALWAYS always always ( and I can't stress this enough ) check to see which version of Murashige and Skoog is used in a paper. The terms basal salts and basal media can refer to two different formulations. They can even be wrongly attributed to each other. One has vitamins in it, one doesn't. When looking to make up or purchase media always definitely check with the publication authors if you're uncertain. Get them to supply catalogue numbers so you can check against a supplier's catalogue. I've seen experienced scientists make this mistake, though not for a while mind you https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=&key=ed93ee4b8a158835e0af19ead9c794b11af03de360911f7858b9da338588c45d 1 Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
shortly Posted December 28, 2010 Share Posted December 28, 2010 Ebay or the kitchen TC web site link i sent you.I did send you the link didn't i??? Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
dworx Posted December 28, 2010 Share Posted December 28, 2010 http://cgi.ebay.com.au/Plant-Tissue-Culture-Cloning-Budget-Starter-Kit-/220714450329?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item33639b3d99 Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
tripsis Posted December 28, 2010 Author Share Posted December 28, 2010 Interesting that they use coconut endosperm to stimulate growth in other plants! Thanks for the links and info DL, very helpful. <___base_url___>/uploads/emoticons/default_smile.pngI got callus but no regen, which is pretty much the case once you've pushed your plants too far into bat country when initiating the callusWhat do you mean by bat country?Not too much to lose from experimenting. Obviously micropropagation of Lophs can be done, so I guess it's just a question of working out the best method and refining it.When looking to make up or purchase media always definitely check with the publication authors if you're uncertain. Get them to supply catalogue numbers so you can check against a supplier's catalogueHow would you go about doing that?Yes, you did send me that link shortly. I'll have a look at it again .<___base_url___>/uploads/emoticons/default_smile.pngAlso, cheers for the link dworx. Looks like a decent option for someone just starting out. 1 Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Darklight Posted December 28, 2010 Share Posted December 28, 2010 Interesting that they use coconut endosperm to stimulate growth in other plants! Thanks for the links and info DL, very helpful. https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=&key=ed93ee4b8a158835e0af19ead9c794b11af03de360911f7858b9da338588c45dMy pleasure https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=&key=ed93ee4b8a158835e0af19ead9c794b11af03de360911f7858b9da338588c45dWhat do you mean by bat country?Getting callus is easy. Often easier than getting cells to do something organised,like organise into roots and shoots suitable for more work. For a lot of species you just throw a little 2-4D at it. Or mess with the media hormone levels some other way and you'll have callusGetting the callus quality and type you want is way harder. If you add too many hormones ( bat country ), or the wrong kind, your callus could be too mushy, or contain the wrong kind of cells ( you might be after scutellum callus, for example, but get hypocotyl ). It could also die. Or just refuse to do anything but replicate more callus. Callus is easy for a plant to make, it requires less energy and direction than becoming something organisedEven if you get good looking callus from your species, changing the hormones/ media/ culture parameters to something which can regenerate can be a challenge. Often you'd start by dropping the main media and sugar levels and putting in some auxin if you are working on a species without a protocol. But not always https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=&key=ed93ee4b8a158835e0af19ead9c794b11af03de360911f7858b9da338588c45dThis makes it sound way more complicated than getting the actual experiment done. You can have a lot of theories but you can only work so many experiments at once, just do it and make good notesReally, just always save enough material back so you can run another experiment if you need to and you'll get the hang of it. If something has gone too far, realistically it's better to start on the material you didn't put in the current experiment than it is to try to rescue something that's too far gone and is as confused by now as you areNot too much to lose from experimenting. Obviously micropropagation of Lophs can be done, so I guess it's just a question of working out the best method and refining it.You got it. I'm gunna help you out here because you're such a nice bloke. The best paper I've found is in Spanish. And the way you select and cut your explants makes all the difference. Young bloke from the forums here worked it out, he did better than me on it at my place ( and he deserved it too )Keep good notes- record everything you do when you start. Even little stuff you might not think is relevant. Eventually you'll work out your own shorthand and figure how many of all those details you'll need later to make sense of your own notes 5 years on. If you're wanting a squillion lophs, it might just be quicker to seed raise them. If you want to learn about tissue culture, lophs are a good way to start. Take it from seed, as fresh as possible. Find a container to sterilise them in so they don't just float off when you pour the bleach off ( I use a 30ml polycarb tube with stainless mesh on either end, teabags are a pain ). Usually 2 min in 1.5% final concentration of scentless household bleach + a drop of scentless detergent will do small seeds nicelyRinse 3 x with sterile water, put them on sterile #1 filter paper to dry in the hood ( keeps bacterial contam down ). Plate 'em up and watch 'em grow!And let us know how you do. Good luck!Also, cheers for the link dworx. Looks like a decent option for someone just starting out.It does hey, wonder how they manage the flow hood thing? Do they assume you have one? Or do they throw in a perspex tunnel? Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
dworx Posted December 28, 2010 Share Posted December 28, 2010 No worries I was looking at this a couple of years ago, there are people doing it in Australia with natives @ home, so I guess its not all that hard, just a time thing for me, but I knew they sold kits on ebay and their are others selling them from their own websites.... Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Darklight Posted December 28, 2010 Share Posted December 28, 2010 No worries I was looking at this a couple of years ago, there are people doing it in Australia with natives @ home, so I guess its not all that hard, It's not hard, It's disciplined but the discipline becomes habit after a bit. Australian natives can be tricky buggers, I'm glad people have persisted and had success with them at home, or even just lucked out ( which happens a lot ) and done well Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
IceCube Posted December 28, 2010 Share Posted December 28, 2010 Thanks for the articles guys. I'm looking at getting into this to get some interesting plants passed around more in the community. The main problem I am having is what sort of containers are suitable. I contacted Cospack (found thru Darklight's advice and Google) but have received no response.Cheers! Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
tripsis Posted December 28, 2010 Author Share Posted December 28, 2010 Thank you again DL, it is very helpful to have someone to talk to who actually has experience with plant tissue culture. <___base_url___>/uploads/emoticons/default_smile.pngIt makes sense that getting a callous culture would be the easy part, seeing as it's basically just a mass of relatively undifferentiated cells dividing without a specific purpose. thus it also makes sense that regenerating that callous would be more challenging.Taking notes is definitely something I need to work on, so it's good that you've stressed the importance of it. Something I'll be sure to practice when I begin. <___base_url___>/uploads/emoticons/default_smile.pngA couple of questions on equipment/technique. You mentioned a flowhood. I've got plenty of experience with fungal tissue cultures, but the media preparation is far simpler than with plants and much less precise, as is the entire process. Also, a flowhood is not necessary, although obviously preferred. I don't own a flowhood and can't see myself having one for a fair amount of time. Will a glovebox do with plant tissue culture? Also, regarding taking/selecting explants (I can't read Spanish), I've never understood how people manage to take a sterile explant from something as thin as a leaf. Is it more of a reliance on chemicals, such as fungicides and antibiotics, that allow non-sterile explants to be used to induce a callous culture? E.g. some of the explants from the cacti in those MushMush photos I posted above have intact cuticle and all, which I would have expected to be covered with contaminants.While I love Lophs, having a squillion of them is not my aim with micropropagation, although I do like the idea of propagating them in different (and novel) ways. I'd like to have the ability to propagate rare species/varieties/clones of various plants so that they are more widely available to the community. Micropropagation of Ephedra species would be interesting. <___base_url___>/uploads/emoticons/default_smile.pngIceCube, try Plasdene Glass Pak. Much the same stock, different company. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Darklight Posted December 28, 2010 Share Posted December 28, 2010 It makes sense that getting a callous culture would be the easy part, seeing as it's basically just a mass of relatively undifferentiated cells dividing without a specific purpose. thus it also makes sense that regenerating that callous would be more challenging.Spot onTaking notes is definitely something I need to work on, so it's good that you've stressed the importance of it. Something I'll be sure to practice when I begin. https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=&key=ed93ee4b8a158835e0af19ead9c794b11af03de360911f7858b9da338588c45dYou should see some of mine, especially the earlier ones. Some contain stuff like " oh shit, I was pretty crazy when I did that experiment, can't remember whether the hormone stock was in date or not. May have used IBA instead of IAA. It worked, but repeat at a later date to confirm" or " bloody ferment flies hanging round in the ethanol rinse in the flow hood. Could be contam probs, monitor"Putting stuff into context can give you a trigger which might help you remember later. They're your notes at this stage, they're not the intellectual property of a corporation or academic institution. Go crazy. It's a part of the creative process https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=&key=ed93ee4b8a158835e0af19ead9c794b11af03de360911f7858b9da338588c45dA couple of questions on equipment/technique. You mentioned a flowhood. I've got plenty of experience with fungal tissue cultures,(snipWill a glovebox do with plant tissue culture? Hell yes. You can even work under a perspex tunnel. I'm still trying to find a pattern for one as mine was er.. borrowed ten years ago. Cost about $50 these days. I want one too, so if I can find one I'll put the pattern up. Great for low volume work up to 100 tubes a dayAlso, regarding taking/selecting explants (I can't read Spanish),You don't need to. Scientific terms and abbreviations are mostly interchangeable, as are Latin names. A lot of the rest can be sorted using Babelfish, at least to the point where you can write up a protocol to try I've never understood how people manage to take a sterile explant from something as thin as a leaf. Is it more of a reliance on chemicals, such as fungicides and antibiotics, that allow non-sterile explants to be used to induce a callous culture? E.g. some of the explants from the cacti in those MushMush photos I posted above have intact cuticle and all, which I would have expected to be covered with contaminants.One of the main theories of tissue culture is that every cell is totipotent- ie each cell can, under the right condition, replicate and differentiate into any other cell or organ of that species. In practice this isn't the case yet or we'd be using zip drive livers instead of caning the one we were born with. But with the right protocol you only need a few cells of the right type and in the right media to get the ball rolling. So yeah, in some cases even a whole leaf is a big bite to start withSurface sterilisation is a multi-headed beast. Careful pretreatment of the plant will help lower the nasties you will do battle with. Starting from seed is in a lot of cases much easier ( and in the beginning it's good to plan for the easy stuff cos there are lots and lots of variables you need to think about as you learn). And you can sterilise a larger portion of an explant and then cut away aseptically so you only have a few cells of the type you want ( go the apical meristem ). Media can also play a part in decreasing contam risks ( reducing to say 50% sugar levels until established ). Repeated subcultures in the early phase to out-run contamination. Sonication. Benomyl presoak. Etc. You probably won't encounter these in your work with Lophs at this point. Surface sterilisation can be tricky if the obvious things don't work out but it's usually pretty basic.There are a lot of things you can do to reduce contam in the planning phases. Some of these will kill your stuff. It's trial and error if you don't have a protocol, and believe me I've lost a lot of biomass. A successful surface sterilisation for a new species without a protocol which has a 70% mortality rate is considered an outstanding success if the rest of the explants proliferate. Like I said, just make sure you don't use up all your explants in the one experiment- keep some backMicropropagation of Ephedra species would be interesting. https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=&key=ed93ee4b8a158835e0af19ead9c794b11af03de360911f7858b9da338588c45dI've done it, but had a process problem at the last point which I couldn't resolve before seed stock became more available. Quicker to get seed stocks out there, given the deflasking hassles you could have too.But give it a goIceCube, try Plasdene Glass Pak. Much the same stock, different company.I use lots of the Cospak H1135 babyfood jars ( dunno if that's the catalogue number, it's printed on the bottom of the jar ) with Magenta B cap lids. The lids are exxy but last for years. Also 30ml polycarb tubes with screw cap lids from Technoplas. But if you look around there might be better ghetto tek containers, just make sure they can be sterilised at 15psi- the vendor should be able to supply that information Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Darklight Posted December 28, 2010 Share Posted December 28, 2010 (edited) How would you go about doing that?Contacting the authors? If there is a published protocol the authors contact details will be correct at the time of publication. Or you could google their names and see where they are nowBefore you hit Send and fire the email off, confirm exactly what you're confused about by referencing the paper and quoting it in the text of your email. Don't do it from memory, or you risk falling over silly.ie. in your paper " Micropropagation of Dragibus curiosa via axillary proliferation " published Journal of Alchemic Quackery 1986 you stated on page 786 that that you used "Murashige and Skoog media", but I can't find a reference to which MS media was used in either the body of the text or the bibliography. Is it possible to clarify this- was it basal salts or basal medium? Do you have a record of the supplier's catalogue number for this product?Throw something in about how useful you found the paper, or some other nice, sincere thing, it helps. Then and only then can you press SendLots of scientists get thrilled if you write them sensible emails asking relevant questions about their work, even if you're a beginner. Some even write back. I got a lot of such help in my early daysIf you get a reply, use it to cross reference the original paper, go to the supplier's web site and check everything against their tech specifications for that product, they're usually on there somewhere or available by email on request Edited December 28, 2010 by Darklight Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
tripsis Posted December 28, 2010 Author Share Posted December 28, 2010 It's encouraging to hear that the such scientific techniques can still be recorded in any way that works. Better to take notes that make sense to you and flow easily than to take notes that you think sound/look good and are next to useless.Hell yes. You can even work under a perspex tunnel. I'm still trying to find a pattern for one as mine was er.. borrowed ten years ago. Cost about $50 these days. I want one too, so if I can find one I'll put the pattern up. Great for low volume work up to 100 tubes a dayWhat do you mean by a perspex tunnel? I tried searching for it on Google but didn't get much out of it.You don't need to. Scientific terms and abbreviations are mostly interchangeable, as are Latin names. A lot of the rest can be sorted using Babelfish, at least to the point where you can write up a protocol to tryDo you have the article/author name? I think based on what you said, I'd be able to get at least the general idea of what is being described in it.One of the main theories of tissue culture is that every cell is totipotent- ie each cell can, under the right condition, replicate and differentiate into any other cell or organ of that species. In practice this isn't the case yet or we'd be using zip drive livers instead of caning the one we were born with. But with the right protocol you only need a few cells of the right type and in the right media to get the ball rolling. So yeah, in some cases even a whole leaf is a big bite to start withAll plant cells are supposedly totipotent, except perhaps seed coats and the such. But as you say, in practice the reality is different. So it then becomes more about taking an explants from an area with undifferentiated or slightly differentiated cells (such as meristematic tissue), in the hopes that these cells with survive pretreatment and go on to become a callous culture?Surface sterilisation is a multi-headed beast. Careful pretreatment of the plant will help lower the nasties you will do battle with. Starting from seed is in a lot of cases much easier ( and in the beginning it's good to plan for the easy stuff cos there are lots and lots of variables you need to think about as you learn). And you can sterilise a larger portion of an explant and then cut away aseptically so you only have a few cells of the type you want ( go the apical meristem ). Media can also play a part in decreasing contam risks ( reducing to say 50% sugar levels until established ). Repeated subcultures in the early phase to out-run contamination. Sonication. Benomyl presoak. Etc. You probably won't encounter these in your work with Lophs at this point. Surface sterilisation can be tricky if the obvious things don't work out but it's usually pretty basic.I suppose this is what I hadn't got my head around yet. I have rarely tried to surface sterilise fungal fruitbodies when cloning them, so don't really think about it when I think about taking an explant. Repeated subculturing is something I would have expected. Sonication...hadn't even come across the term before! You'd either have to have access to a lab or be a dedicated enthusiast to make use of it. Benomyl...where would you get it? It's banned in most countries. It would be damned useful to have, but a nasty and very dangerous fungicide to have around the house. I suppose the point is that there are various pretreatments that can be done depending on where the explant is being taken from and what works/doesn't work for it, thus the explant does not need to be from interior tissue to be successful.I've done it, but had a process problem at the last point which I couldn't resolve before seed stock became more available. Quicker to get seed stocks out there, given the deflasking hassles you could have too.But give it a goVery interesting. Do you find xerophytes are harder to work with than mesophytes, or does it not make a difference? I'm wouldn't consider seed to be easily available for most species still, so propagating what is here seems like a good idea. But a clone army isn't good either, as the option to breed plants should always be there, at least I think so.Finally, do you use a micropipette for measuring small and precise quantities of the chemicals needed?Alright, that's surely enough questions for now. I'll do some reading. <___base_url___>/uploads/emoticons/default_smile.png<___base_url___>/uploads/emoticons/default_wub.png Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
tripsis Posted December 28, 2010 Author Share Posted December 28, 2010 Contacting the authors? If there is a published protocol the authors contact details will be correct at the time of publication. Or you could google their names and see where they are nowBefore you hit Send and fire the email off, confirm exactly what you're confused about by referencing the paper and quoting it in the text of your email. Don't do it from memory, or you risk falling over silly.ie. in your paper " Micropropagation of Dragibus curiosa via axillary proliferation " published Journal of Alchemic Quackery 1986 you stated on page 786 that that you used "Murashige and Skoog media", but I can't find a reference to which MS media was used in either the body of the text or the bibliography. Is it possible to clarify this- was it basal salts or basal medium? Do you have a record of the supplier's catalogue number for this product?Throw something in about how useful you found the paper, or some other nice, sincere thing, it helps. Then and only then can you press SendLots of scientists get thrilled if you write them sensible emails asking relevant questions about their work, even if you're a beginner. Some even write back. I got a lot of such help in my early daysIf you get a reply, use it to cross reference the original paper, go to the supplier's web site and check everything against their tech specifications for that product, they're usually on there somewhere or available by email on request Great, thanks for that. The only times I tried to find out the contact details of some authors was a few months back in India, regarding a couple of papers I had read, but there was no contact info and I couldn't find any by searching the web for them either. Probably a good thing really. I expect it must be done differently here. <___base_url___>/uploads/emoticons/default_smile.pngYes, I expect if I were a scientist publishing articles and I received emails asking for details and leaving positive remarks, I would appreciate it too. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Darklight Posted December 28, 2010 Share Posted December 28, 2010 What do you mean by a perspex tunnel? I tried searching for it on Google but didn't get much out of it.Me either. They rock too. Wish I could get the dimensions on my old one. They're clear, shaped like half a hexagon, with the bottom cut out. You sterilise them, everything that goes in them, and have some 70% ETOH soaked paper towells on the bottom. Sterilise your arms and hand before you put them in from the sides. They're cheap and incredibly portable and they workDo you have the article/author name? I think based on what you said, I'd be able to get at least the general idea of what is being described in it.Sorry, it was a theoretical article for a theoretical questionAll plant cells are supposedly totipotent, except perhaps seed coats and the such. But as you say, in practice the reality is different. So it then becomes more about taking an explants from an area with undifferentiated or slightly differentiated cells (such as meristematic tissue), in the hopes that these cells with survive pretreatment and go on to become a callous culture?Yep. But don't get so hung up on callus culture as a means of mass replication. It is usually easier for most species to use axillary proliferation. Callus is generally good for fast replication but has the disadvantage of causing mutations and instability ( ie refusal to regenerate ) in the long term. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaclonal_variationI suppose this is what I hadn't got my head around yet.Don't worry about it except on a case by case basis. Try the standard stuff first, what's in the protocol, what usually works. Then add new steps incrementally. This will be easy because you will have kept enough plant material back with each experiment to work with in a new experiment ;)Sonication...hadn't even come across the term before! You'd either have to have access to a lab or be a dedicated enthusiast to make use of it.Buy a sonicated jewellery cleaner. Cost about $100 and do effectively the same thing for our purposehttp://www.sonicsonline.com/jewelrycleaners.htmlLots of lab gear has ghetto tek equivalentsBenomyl...where would you get it?I think Sigma has it still under it's chemical name. You used to be able to get it in only in 5kg lots, and it lasts forever. Practically every lab has or knows of a stash somewhereI suppose the point is that there are various pretreatments that can be done depending on where the explant is being taken from and what works/doesn't work for it, thus the explant does not need to be from interior tissue to be successful.Exactly. But work it backwards too- you want to set up an explant that is as clean as possible so you can muck around with different types of tissue just in case the thing you're trying doesn't workVery interesting. Do you find xerophytes are harder to work with than mesophytes, or does it not make a difference? Mmm, I've never given it any thought. But no, the explant source is more important than anything. Dirty parent plants are a pain in the long term because ultimately you get less material from them to work with and you lose a lot in the process. Sometimes you run out of plant before you run out of ideasBut a clone army isn't good either, as the option to breed plants should always be there, at least I think so.Spot on. Try to emphasise re-establishing diversity in a population when working on endangered species. In the old Mitragyna days we emphasised that the clones were single source and some back breeding was necessary to re-establish a solid genetic base. A few people took that up in the US and it's a workedFinally, do you use a micropipette for measuring small and precise quantities of the chemicals needed?I do now, but you don't need to to start. Back then I used a shotgun shell reloading scale- beam type ( extremely accurate to about 1/15 gram, cost about $50 ) and diluted all my chems so they could be measured with a 2 or 5ml syringe. instead of having to measure 5mg of something, I could dilute it to 5mg/ml in whatever solvent was appropriate and dispense it that wayOnly downside was that I frequently had to make up new stocks of stuff that went off in storage. But hey, when you buy Thiamine.HCl in 100g lots it takes a long time to go through it at 10mg/ml every month https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=&key=ed93ee4b8a158835e0af19ead9c794b11af03de360911f7858b9da338588c45dAlright, that's surely enough questions for now. I'll do some reading. https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=&key=ed93ee4b8a158835e0af19ead9c794b11af03de360911f7858b9da338588c45dYou ask really cool questions, I really appreciate your interest https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=&key=ed93ee4b8a158835e0af19ead9c794b11af03de360911f7858b9da338588c45d but don't overthink it or you'll wear your energy for it on the theory rather than learning the practical side. Have a go at it, I'll talk you through as you proceed if you like, we can do it here and other people will learn from it too Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
tripsis Posted December 29, 2010 Author Share Posted December 29, 2010 They're clear, shaped like half a hexagon, with the bottom cut out. You sterilise them, everything that goes in them, and have some 70% ETOH soaked paper towells on the bottom. Sterilise your arms and hand before you put them in from the sides. They're cheap and incredibly portable and they workSo similar to a sturdy glovebox, but one that can be completely sterilised? You'd need a pretty sizeable autoclave to fit something large enough to accomodate hands and equipment inside. I like the idea of being able to have a portable sterile workspace.Sorry, it was a theoretical article for a theoretical questionhttps://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/uploads/emoticons/default_biggrin.pngGotcha. Point taken anyway. https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/uploads/emoticons/default_smile.pngYep. But don't get so hung up on callus culture as a means of mass replication. It is usually easier for most species to use axillary proliferation. Callus is generally good for fast replication but has the disadvantage of causing mutations and instability ( ie refusal to regenerate ) in the long term. Had to look axillary proliferation up. Basically it's taking an apical/axillary growth point with the meristematic tissue present and placing it onto the media to induce axillary budding? Such as depicted here:https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=http://www.mushmush.nl/images/gallery/tissue_culture/peyote_phase1_20040217235201.jpg&key=4fa2cb19dc1bf1d70020fd831f9456129e364de873abda242d92cbe0edb6d983So doing this skips the need to create a callous culture, but allows for the quick propagation of many buds/plantlets by utilising the plants own budding mechanisms? With less succulent plants, once a bud has grown, do you then cut it and strike it like you would an ordinary cutting?It's interesting that mutations can occur during callous culture growth. This could lead to interesting new variants, but I suppose more often than not, this isn't the aim.Buy a sonicated jewellery cleaner. Cost about $100 and do effectively the same thing for our purposeShould have thought about that. Have heard of them used in mycological applications before.I think Sigma has it still under it's chemical name. You used to be able to get it in only in 5kg lots, and it lasts forever. Practically every lab has or knows of a stash somewhere You're right, they do sell it! It's strange after searching for it on several occasions that I never found it there. Considering the risks associated with it, do you recommend using it or are there now safer alternatives? Because it is a largely mould-specific fungicide, at least when the dosage rate is low, it can be very useful in mycology, but surely targetting specific types of fungi is necessary when surface sterilising explants?Exactly. But work it backwards too- you want to set up an explant that is as clean as possible so you can muck around with different types of tissue just in case the thing you're trying doesn't workMakes sense. So interior tissues would be preferable as there should be less contaminants present, but the option to surface sterilise exterior tissues shouldn't be dismissed, as there may be other cell types present which could work better?I do now, but you don't need to to start. Back then I used a shotgun shell reloading scale- beam type ( extremely accurate to about 1/15 gram, cost about $50 ) and diluted all my chems so they could be measured with a 2 or 5ml syringe. instead of having to measure 5mg of something, I could dilute it to 5mg/ml in whatever solvent was appropriate and dispense it that wayThat's a good idea. I'd like to get a micropipette, but they're not cheap. If dissolving in solvents such as ethanol or acetone, can/will this affect the culture, or does it evaporate off?You ask really cool questions, I really appreciate your interest https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/uploads/emoticons/default_smile.png but don't overthink it or you'll wear your energy for it on the theory rather than learning the practical side. Have a go at it, I'll talk you through as you proceed if you like, we can do it here and other people will learn from it too I really appreciate your help. https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/uploads/emoticons/default_smile.png For now, all I can do is study the theory as I'll be going to NZ for a month in a couple of weeks, so won't be able to start until after that. But once I do, I'll be sure to document my progress here, and will no doubt have more questions as I actually begin the practical side. One other question, when using seeds as your starting material, is the idea to germinate them in-vitro, then cut the seedling up to make further cultures from? Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Darklight Posted December 29, 2010 Share Posted December 29, 2010 So similar to a sturdy glovebox, but one that can be completely sterilised? You'd need a pretty sizeable autoclave to fit something large enough to accomodate hands and equipment inside. Perspex doesn't autoclave well I don't think. You surface sterilise it with 70% ethanol ( 70% metho is good for most things )Basically it's taking an apical/axillary growth point with the meristematic tissue present and placing it onto the media to induce axillary budding? Such as depicted here:Yep :)I think in cactus it's also called aureole activation, not sure if there is some kind of technical difference between those two termsSo doing this skips the need to create a callous culture, but allows for the quick propagation of many buds/plantlets by utilising the plants own budding mechanisms? With less succulent plants, once a bud has grown, do you then cut it and strike it like you would an ordinary cutting?Yes. Or proliferate it further and then strike them in rooting mediaIt's interesting that mutations can occur during callous culture growth. This could lead to interesting new variants, but I suppose more often than not, this isn't the aim.Not if you're trying to sell uniform plants for say, cropping or ornamental purposes. Tho producing mutations via callus is a common in-vitro breeding tacticYou're right, they do sell it! It's strange after searching for it on several occasions that I never found it there. Considering the risks associated with it, do you recommend using it or are there now safer alternatives? Because it is a largely mould-specific fungicide, at least when the dosage rate is low, it can be very useful in mycology, but surely targetting specific types of fungi is necessary when surface sterilising explants?I'd use it, dispense with gloves and a dust mask in a draught free area at least, and pour the waste out while wearing shoes ;) There are things that work better on some fungus or in some species, but some of them require that you know and understand the contaminant you're dealing with, which is a world of pain you mightn't need to go into when you start. It's also pretty low toxicity to plants, which is more than I can say for some other stuff. You're talking using it at 0.1%. In a pretreatment for seeds you know or suspect to be fungus laden you might be looking at 200-300mg in 200-300ml water- and that's for a lot of large seed. Some people use it in media successfully, for example in bamboo, but I've never tried it. It's autoclavable, but I just don't fancy inhaling any vapour ( if there is any ) if I open the autoclave before it is fully coolBenomyl is systemic, so it gives you a few days grace while it kills off more fungus, during which time you can subculture the seed/ explant again to try to escape any contaminantsI'd use it in conjunction with other things- careful pretreatment and media planning for exampleMakes sense. So interior tissues would be preferable as there should be less contaminants present, but the option to surface sterilise exterior tissues shouldn't be dismissed, Interior tissues are more likely to be sensitive to surface sterilisation processes such as bleach. Check out the apical meristem sterilisation processes for kava, for example. I don't have the ref with me, but it's a good guide to getting clean tissue out of notoriously dirty plantsOh, here's the ref:Micropropagation of ‘Awa(Kava, Piper methysticum),J. Kunisaki, A. Araki, and Y. Sagawa, Biotechnology Jan. 2003as there may be other cell types present which could work better?You got itThat's a good idea. I'd like to get a micropipette, but they're not cheap. If dissolving in solvents such as ethanol or acetone, can/will this affect the culture, or does it evaporate off?Mmm, stock solution prep, an important point. Lots of stuff will dissolve well in water, use that as a preference. Other stuff, like plant hormones, needs to be dissolved in a small amount of KOH or ETOH and bought up to volume with water ( check your supplier's tech manual ). Some things can handle ethanol or DMSO. If you're making up 15ml of say a 1mg/ml solution of GA3 you'd dissolve it in say 2ml ethanol max, when it's dissolved you top it up to 15ml with water. At 1-2 mg of GA3 per litre of media you won't be getting much ethanol in there overallThe more you dilute a compound, the easier it is to get close to accurate dispensing with a syringe. There is less margin for error in dispensing say 10mg Thiamine.HCl from a 2mg/ml solution than there is in dispensing it at a 20mg/ml solutionMost stock solutions are stable for up to 3 months, check if you need to fridge or freeze it. Some retain a portion of their activity for longer but 3 months is a good rule of thumbI really appreciate your help. https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=&key=ed93ee4b8a158835e0af19ead9c794b11af03de360911f7858b9da338588c45d For now, all I can do is study the theory as I'll be going to NZ for a month in a couple of weeks, so won't be able to start until after that. But once I do, I'll be sure to document my progress here, and will no doubt have more questions as I actually begin the practical side. I look forward to seeing the results. Happy to help. I get a few enquires from people every year and most don't end up taking it further or getting back. It's an incredibly inspiring process to see other people get successful in this and I hope it works for youOne other question, when using seeds as your starting material, is the idea to germinate them in-vitro, then cut the seedling up to make further cultures from?That's the one https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/applications/core/interface/imageproxy/imageproxy.php?img=&key=ed93ee4b8a158835e0af19ead9c794b11af03de360911f7858b9da338588c45dReally, now I reckon you have enough information to at least be at the planning and purchasing phase for your Loph work- don't overthink it and waste energy, just start and ask questions on the fly. I'm thinking I'm giving you too much theoretical information here that's not going to be relevant to you just getting started. It's not often at this stage that you will be in such a hurry that something can't wait even a day max.Everyone experiments in this field- all the time- at every level of professionalism. You only hear about the successes, and then only rarely, usually for reasons of IP. If academic publications contained all the shit anyone had ever tried but which didn't work as well as the stuff which did, it would make bench work more transparent, we wouldn't be re-inventing the proverbial every ten minutes and my life would be way easier. Mind you scientific publications would go on for much longer and be probably much less clear. But they'd be more fun and inspire more people IMOWhen you get back, draw me up a protocol if you like, refer me to a paper and then we can break it down on a case/ step specific basis so you can proceed as you feel comfortable.Have fun in NZ Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
tripsis Posted December 29, 2010 Author Share Posted December 29, 2010 Ah yes, should have thought about that, perspex would not withstand autoclaving. I had the idea that you meant you sterilised the entire unit in an autoclave, which you obviously did not. I just use 70% metho in my glovebox. Is there an advantage to ethanol? Being a restricted chemical I expect it would be far more difficult to source.Which brings me to a question, how easy/difficult is it to get the necessary additives and chemicals? Are they restricted and if so, how do you get around that as an amateur? Would benomyl be restricted?I'd use it, dispense with gloves and a dust mask in a draught free area at least, and pour the waste out while wearing shoes ;) There are things that work better on some fungus or in some species, but some of them require that you know and understand the contaminant you're dealing with, which is a world of pain you mightn't need to go into when you start. It's also pretty low toxicity to plants, which is more than I can say for some other stuff. 0.1% does seem like a small quantity, but chemicals can still be toxic in tiny amounts (haven't read the MSDS on benomyl yet). How to you dispose of it in a way that doesn't pose a threat to the environment?The more you dilute a compound, the easier it is to get close to accurate dispensing with a syringe. There is less margin for error in dispensing say 10mg Thiamine.HCl from a 2mg/ml solution than there is in dispensing it at a 20mg/ml solution That's a good point to remember, that the more a compound is diluted, the smaller the margin of error becomes when measuring the solution out. thanks for the tip. <___base_url___>/uploads/emoticons/default_smile.pngMost stock solutions are stable for up to 3 months, check if you need to fridge or freeze it. Some retain a portion of their activity for longer but 3 months is a good rule of thumbGreat, I was wondering how long a a stock solution would remain stable for. 3 months isn't too short a period of time. I look forward to seeing the results. Happy to help. I get a few enquires from people every year and most don't end up taking it further or getting back. It's an incredibly inspiring process to see other people get successful in this and I hope it works for youI hope I have some results to post in the not-too-distant future. I've been wanted to start trying out plant tissue culture for quite a while now, but for various reason haven't got around to it. This thread has definitely reignited that desire. Hopefully I'll have enough money when I'm back from NZ to purchase the necessities for it and get get the ball rolling before I'm back at uni in 2nd semester.Everyone experiments in this field- all the time- at every level of professionalism. You only hear about the successes, and then only rarely, usually for reasons of IP. If academic publications contained all the shit anyone had ever tried but which didn't work as well as the stuff which did, it would make bench work more transparent, we wouldn't be re-inventing the proverbial every ten minutes and my life would be way easier.Mind you scientific publications would go on for much longer and be probably much less clear. But they'd be more fun and inspire more people IMOHa, scientific publications with all the details of every fail would be messier, but would also be pretty interesting. In a way, it is a shame that scientists don't often publish methods that fail, as we would all learn a lot from it. Science should be, after all, a discovery of knowledge and that should include methods that don't work.When you get back, draw me up a protocol if you like, refer me to a paper and then we can break it down on a case/ step specific basis so you can proceed as you feel comfortable.Would love to. <___base_url___>/uploads/emoticons/default_smile.png Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
tripsis Posted December 29, 2010 Author Share Posted December 29, 2010 Forgot to post these are I found found:Pérez-Molphe-Balch, E.; Pérez-Reyes, M. E.; Villalobos-Amador, E.; Meza-Rangel, E.; Morones-Ruiz, L. R.; Lizalde-Viramontes, H. J. Micropropagation of 21 species of Mexican cacti by axillary proliferation. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 34:131–135; 1998. In vitro Propagation of Eight Species or Subspecies of Turbinicarpus (Cactaceae) Carlos Antonio Dávila-Figueroa , Ma. De Lourdes De La Rosa-Carrillo and Eugenio Pérez-Molphe-Balch In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Plant Vol. 41, No. 4 (Jul. - Aug., 2005), pp. 540-545 Haven't read them properly yet, but figured they may be of interest to some. The references of both articles are full of interesting studies. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Darklight Posted January 4, 2011 Share Posted January 4, 2011 I just use 70% metho in my glovebox. Is there an advantage to ethanol? Being a restricted chemical I expect it would be far more difficult to source.Metho is fine for most things. Some ppl prefer to make up those plant hormones stocks which are dissolved in ethanol in at least lab-grade ethanol. Lab grade and above ethanol is a pain to acquire, really at the early stages don't bother, metho is fineWhich brings me to a question, how easy/difficult is it to get the necessary additives and chemicals? Easy as. You'll need to set up an account with a supplier, but sales of most of those compounds aren't restricted for that useWould benomyl be restricted?You'd need an account with Sigma or one of it's re-supplier's. You might need to submit an End User Declaration with the more paranoid of these just to prove you aren't going to eat it or spray it on foodJust a side note for the general public- everyone please behave professionally with suppliers. Do your research, check catalogue numbers and such before you contact them. Places tend to tighten up ordering processes if they get a lot of idiots on the phone and it makes everyone's life harder, including people who might want to set up accounts in futureIt doesn't hurt to tell them you've never tried this before but have studied the theory at TAFE or something. No-one minds a beginner and most people enjoy hearing enthusiasm in people's voices. But random stoner ramblings don't cut it when setting up an account0.1% does seem like a small quantity, but chemicals can still be toxic in tiny amounts (haven't read the MSDS on benomyl yet). How to you dispose of it in a way that doesn't pose a threat to the environment?I pour it on something I hate. It's not terribly environmentally friendly, but given that I use about 300ml of an 0.1% solution every six months, in the scheme of things it's pretty smallScience should be, after all, a discovery of knowledge and that should include methods that don't work.Hell yes 1 Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
tripsis Posted January 4, 2011 Author Share Posted January 4, 2011 Thanks again Darklight, I plan on putting your advice and help to good use. <___base_url___>/uploads/emoticons/default_smile.png I think I'll start with seeds and shoot proliferation and see how I go from there.How much do estimate initial costs would be for starting up, for things such as hormones, media, fungicide, etc. and minimal glassware? I seem to be tearing through my money at a gut-wrenching rate and with NZ on the horizon don't see myself with much cash to throw around when I get back.Hmmm, that's interesting, both those links I posted are restricted articles. I must have been logged into my uni at the time...which is shit, as my password has now been reset as I've been deferred for so long. Does anyone have access to those articles? I forgot to save them. 1 Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
IceCube Posted January 10, 2011 Share Posted January 10, 2011 (edited) tripsis, here are the articles, along with an interesting one I found a few months ago whilst researching tissue culture. We seem to be getting into this at the same time, hopefully we can share info at some stage! My primary interests are micropropagating cacti, acacias and native Erythloxium.Micropropagation of 21 species of Mexican cacti by axillary proliferation.pdfIn vitro Propagation of Eight Species or Subspecies of Turbinicarpus (Cactaceae).pdfMicropropagation ofCereus peruvianus mill. (cactaceae) by areole activation.pdfMicropropagation of 21 species of Mexican cacti by axillary proliferation.pdfIn vitro Propagation of Eight Species or Subspecies of Turbinicarpus (Cactaceae).pdfMicropropagation ofCereus peruvianus mill. (cactaceae) by areole activation.pdfMicropropagation of 21 species of Mexican cacti by axillary proliferation.pdfIn vitro Propagation of Eight Species or Subspecies of Turbinicarpus (Cactaceae).pdfMicropropagation ofCereus peruvianus mill. (cactaceae) by areole activation.pdfMicropropagation of 21 species of Mexican cacti by axillary proliferation.pdfIn vitro Propagation of Eight Species or Subspecies of Turbinicarpus (Cactaceae).pdfMicropropagation ofCereus peruvianus mill. (cactaceae) by areole activation.pdf Edited January 10, 2011 by IceCube 1 Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
tripsis Posted January 10, 2011 Author Share Posted January 10, 2011 Many thanks for that IceCube. <___base_url___>/uploads/emoticons/default_smile.pngIndeed we do. I just need to get enough money to buy what's needed to start now. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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