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Polygodial http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polygodial.svg ...is found in Mountain Pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata), Horopito (Pseudowintera colorata), Paracress (Spilanthes acmella) and other Spilanthes sp., Canelo (Drimys winteri) and a few other plants. It has strong antifungal, insecticide and antimicrobial activities and I often use Horopito-tincture as plant-fungicide. I also used a Spilanthes acmella- tincture against toothache and Mountain Pepper (leaves and seeds) and Horopito as spice. Additional is has analgesic, vasorelaxant and anti-inflammatory effects and according to this study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10604944 it was mainly preventing pain produced by formalin and capsaicin. The mechanism seems likely to involve an interaction with the opioid system, mainly kappa and delta subtypes, alpha1-adrenoceptors and the serotonergic system. Mountain pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata)- Winteraceae: and the seeds: Horopito (Pseudowintera colorata)- Winteraceae: http://www.lovelyhealth.com/Pages/horopito.html this I got in New Zealand: Paracress (Spilanthes acmella) and other Spilanthes sp.: http://www.metafro.be/prelude/view_plant?pi=11890&cat=V Spilanthes oleracea-herb: Canelo (Drimys winteri)- Winteraceae: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drimys_winteri.jpg has many entheogenic uses: http://rainforest-database.com/plants/cascadeanta.htm Winteraceae are characteristic of the ancient Antarctic flora and very primordial. Pseudowintera colorata is a very slow growing plant that lacks the specialist water conducting tubes found in nearly all other flowering plants.