Black Rainbow

I had to chop some funky bits from a pach clone I'm quite confident has a low mescaline content. I don't have access to froehde reagent but I do have mandelin, mecke, marquis, simon's and robadope, so I put some drops of each directly on the white flesh between the cactus skin and the core. There was no reaction for any reagent besides mecke, which went yellow and turned brown slowly (90 seconds + to turn completely brown). I would expect mescaline to react with mandelin and marquis, but there was no reaction with these reagents in this test. The mecke test was consistent with what I might expect from mescaline. Perhaps mecke is more sensitive? I will repeat this test with different plants in the near future.

The OA It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Curb Your Enthusiasm Hamilton's Pharmacoepia Handmaid's Tale

Hey fyzygy, Sorry you've had trouble joining the group. There are no pending member requests so I can only guess that your application was denied because someone thought you might be a troll or fake FB account. Apply to join again and send me a DM with the name on your FB account, I'll make sure you are added.

Thanks WC, I can be a bit of a pessimist about people/plant relations so it is nice to hear you reflect on this so positively. I hope you are right, I would be very pleased if my plants desired to live and be cared for in my garden.

Grafted CSD often looks like a normal bridge, they get much more interesting on their own roots. Have you tried the Aus Trich Auctions FB group? You could do a search for previous sellers and contact them privately. I'm familiar with most people's reputation in that group so if you want a reference for a a buyer you find there, just ask

I still wonder if plants could speak for themselves what they would say about being removed from the wild. Does anyone know any interesting case studies of species being reintroduced? Bonus points for psychoactive species...

Specifically I'm interested in using froehde reagent to estimate mescaline concentration in cactus. I thought it would be interesting to dry material from something like PC and compare a spot test with something like Eileen. I'm hoping there will be some reaction and that an estimate of potency might be made based on the time taken for colour change. I also wonder if anyone has done something similar with ehrlich reagent and Acacia or another equivalent.

Hey Flux, I think you're right, there is a good chance that people won't or can't catalogue their plants, but I still think it is worthwhile. The idea is to start a stand alone website for this catalogue which could then be promoted widely online and within the community. I'm not sure about tricks for flowering, I know of only a few growers that have had success so far. Maybe @Glaukus or @communacacian can chime in?

Added Ratsch's references

I'm in the process of setting up a website to keep track of ex-situ courtii. I'm hoping to get some feedback on the data the website will collect about these plants. The draft survey for collecting this data is as follows: Country: State: City: Plant quantity. From seeds: (0-10 000) From cuttings: (0-10 000) Where did you get the propagation material for these plants? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ How old are these plants? (0-100) What are the growing conditions of these plants? (how much sun do they get, how do you fertilise them, what growing medium are they in, etc.) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ How many of these plants have flowered? (0- 10 000) Are there Acacia growing nearby? (Y/N) If yes, can you tell us which Acacia species? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Are these plants experiencing any health issues? (i.e. galls, borers, symptoms with unknown causes etc.) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Have you registered these plants at courtii counter before? (Y/N) Is there anything else relevant to courtii conservation that you would like to share with us? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Here is the resource I found discussing the campaign. It acknowledges that Bufo alvarious aren't under threat but contends venom harvest could create a population threat and currently harms toad welfare. https://psychedelicstoday.com/2018/10/03/ethics-ecology-bufotoxins/

Cheers Micromegas, no I don’t think there is something you’re unaware of, my guess is that the toad campaign has some vegan vibes. Pretty small project without a lot of community involvement, I think. I’ve been able to find very little information about the campaign online. Conservation is such an overwhelming issue. The information required is so vast, and then you need to organise people, institutions and all their contradictory interests. Sheesh!

I agree that wealthy people are the most likely to benefit and least likely to be negatively impacted by covid, but I don’t think government and other institutional responses are as strategic or organised as you suggest. Reduced individual freedoms seems like a fair price for increased collective safety, but I can understand that this might trigger memories of political trauma.

From what I was able to find, Myerhoff only seems to have two more Loph publications besides Peyote Hunt. La Barre has a few more. I found his paper Twenty Years of Peyote Research and used this to mine additional relevant papers also. I have now added all these papers to the list.

Earlier in this thread I mentioned the relationship between indigenous people and plant conservation. I've often pondered if indigenous people are entitled to maintain wild harvest practices that impact on vulnerable species. I mentioned a podcast with an interview with KT in a different thread the other day (https://www.indefenseofplants.com/podcast/tag/3?fbclid=IwAR1Flce33poULl8cCqeWD6tW6drdg2ALcNSmLuToJLc2j2jI6cX1iP1nCzM) and in this podcast KT gives a great anecdote in which he expresses his support for Amazonian people to maintain their B. caapi harvest traditions, discussing a preference for vine over leaves even though leaves can be more potent and potentially more sustainable to harvest than vine. KT claims two people maintaining traditions with these plants stated the leaves tasted wrong (or something to this effect) and went on to suggest that this might relate to different alkaloid profiles, and that this particular profile was central to the maintenance of tradition.

Just reviewed Prance, G.T. 2001. Richard Evans Schultes (12 January 1915–10 April 2001): A tribute. Econ Bot 55, 347 for Schultes’ Loph references. I mainly included papers with reference to Loph in the title. I searched for a few of the encyclopaedia style publications (i.e. Schultes, R. E. 1972. The utilization of hallucinogens in primitive societies—use, misuses or abuse.) but was unable to find copies of most of these publications to confirm that they discuss Loph. I also assume most of the data for these more broad publications would be drawn from Schultes’ earlier work on Lophs, most of which takes place in the mid to late 1930s, so these are the works I have included.

Thanks Micromegas, great suggestions. I'll make sure to review the bibliographies of Schultes, La Barre and Myerhoff and will include any relevant papers in the list

Added Snu's references

Figured I would try to get a list going for Lophophora research, inspired by The Cactus Inspiration Institute and Gimli’s Complete List of Trichocereus Clones. I’ve started it off by lifting and giving the CCI research list a clean up, lifting Snu's reference list and organising publications by year, If you know of any Lophophora research that is not included in the list, leave a comment or send me a message and I will add it to the list. At some point soon I’ll go through the reference list of Ratsch’s encyclopaedia and whatever I find on Erowid and forums. If you beat me to it feel free… N.D. Dana M. Price and Martin Terry. N.D. Problem or Opportunity? Impact of the Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) Trade on Endangered Star Cactus (Astrophytum asterias). Webpage. Cactus Conservation Institute. Muller-Ebeling, Claudia, and Christian Ratschs. n. d. Kreistrituale mit Peyote und MDMA. In MDMA: Die psychoactive Substanz fur Therapie, Ritual und Rekreation, rev. ed., ed. Constanze Weigle and Ronald Rippchen. Der Grune Zweig 103. Lohrbach: Werner Pieper’s MedienXperimente. 1872 Ellis, Havelock. 1872. A note on the phenomenon of mescal intoxication. The Lancet 75(1):1540-42. 1888 Hennings, Paul. 1888. Eine giftige Kaktee, Arhalonium lewinii n. spp.. Gartenflora 37:410-12. Lewin, Louis. 1888. Ueber Anhalonium lewinii. Archiv fur experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie 24:401-11. 1902 Lumholz, Carl. 1902. Unknown Mexico. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. 1925 Shonle, R. 1925. Peyote, the giver of visions. American Anthropologist 27:53-75 1927 Rouhier, Alexandre. 1927. Le Peyotl (Echinocactus williamsii). Paris: Gaston Doin et Cie. 1928 Zabel, Rudolf. 1928. Das heimliche Volk. Berlin: Deutsche Buch-Gemeinschaft. 1932 Wagner, Gunter. 1932. Entwicklung und Verbreitung des Peyote-Kultes. Baessler-Archiv 15:59-144. 1934 Petrullo, V. 1934. The diabolic root: A study of peyotism, the new Indian religion, among the Delawares. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1935 Lasswell, H. 1935. Collective autism as a consequence of cultural contact: Notes on religious training and the peyote cult at Taos. Zeitschrift fur Sozialforschung 4:232-47. Paris. 1936 Schultes, R. E. 1936. Peyote and plants used in the peyote ceremony. Botanical Museum Leaflets Harvard Univ. 4:129- 152. 1937 Hijaro, L. 1937. Viajes por America, 3 parte, El peyote al traves de los siglos. Revista Mexicana de Ingeneria y Arquitectura 15:543-63, 665-92Bravo, H. 1937. Las Cactaceas de Mexico. Universidad Nacional de Mexico. Schultes, R.E. 1937. “Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) and plants confused with it.” Harv. Bot. Mus. Leaf. 5(5):61-88. Schultes, R. E. 1937. Peyote and the American Indian. Nature Magazine 30: 155–157. 1938 Schultes, R. E. 1938. The appeal of peyote (Lophophora Williamsii)as a medicine. American Anthropologist 40:698–715. Schultes, R. E. 1938. Peyote, an American Indian heritage from Mexico. El. Mex. Ant. 4:199–208. Goggin, John M. 1938. A note on Cheyenne peyote. New Mexico Anthropologist 3(2):26-32. La Barre, Weston. 1938. The peyote cult. Schocken Books. Opler, Morris E. 1938. The use of peyote by the Carrizo and Lipan Apache tribes. American Anthropologist, n. s., 40:271-85. 1939 Carlson G. and Jones, V. 1939. Some notes on uses of plants by the Comanche Indians. Papers of the Michigani Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 25:517-42. Opler, M. 1939. A description of a Tonkawa peyote meeting held in 1902. American Anthropologist 41:433-39. Stewart, O. 1939. Washo-Northern Paiute peyotism: A study in acculturation. Proceedings of the 6th Pacific Science Congress 4:65-68 La Barre, W. 1939. Note on Richard Schultes' "The Appeal of Peyote." American Anthropologist 41:340-42 Gusinde, Martin. 1939. Der Peyote-Kult: Enstehung und Verbeitung. Vienna-Modling: Missionsdruckerei. 1940 Schultes, R. E. 1940. The aboriginal therapeutic uses of Lophophora Williamsii. Cactus and Succulent Journal 12:177–181. Hayes, A. 1940. Peyote cult on the Goshiute reservation at Deep Creek, Utah. New Mexico Anthropologist 4:34-36. Opler, M. 1940. The character and history of the southern Ute peyote rite. American Anthropologist 57:463-78. Hayes, Alden. 1940. Peyote cult on the Goshiute Reservation at Deep Creek, Utah. New Mexico Anthropologist 4(2): 34-36. Opler, Marvin Kaufman. 1940. The character and history of the southern Ute peyote rite. American Anthropologist, n. s., 42:463-78. 1941 Baarber, B. 1941. A socio-cultural interpretation of the peyote cult. American Anthropologist 43:673-75. Siskin, E. 1941. The impact of the peyote cult upon shamanism among the Washo Indians. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University (Department of Anthropology), New Haven. Stewart, O. 1941. The Southern Ute peyote cult. American Anthropologist 43:303-308. 1942 Malouf, C. 1942. Gosiute peyotism. American Anthropologist 44:93-103. Bromberg W. 1942. Storm over peyote. Nature Magazine 35:410-12. Opler, M. 1942. Fact and fancy in Ute peyotism. American Anthropologist 44:151-59. Leonard, Irving A. 1942. Peyote and the Mexican Inquisition, 1620. American Anthropologist, N.s., 44:324-26. 1944 Stewart, O. 1944. Washo-Northern Paiute peyotism: A study in acculturation. University of California Publications in Ameri- can Archaeology and Ethnology 40, No. 3:63-141. 1947 La Barre, W. 1947. Primitive psychotherapy in native American cultures: Peyotism and confession. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 24:294-309. 1948 Stewart, O. 1948. Ute peyotism. University of Colorado Studies, Series in Anthropology 1:1-42 1949 McAllester, D. 1949. Peyote music. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology No. 13. 1950 Brant, C. 1950. Peyotism among the Kiowa-Apache and neighboring tribes. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 6:212-22. 1951 La Barre, W. McAllester, D. Slotkin, J. Stewart, O. and Tax, S. 1951. Statement on peyote. Science 114:582-83. Slotkin, J. 1951. Early eighteenth century documents on peyotism north of the Rio Grande. American Anthropologist 53:420-27 1952 Splinder, G. 1952. Personality and peyotism in Menomini Indian acculturation. Psychiatry 15:151-59. Gonzalo, A. 1952. La magica del peyotl. Universidad de Mexico, Organo Oficial de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico 6, No. 68:2-4 Slotkin, J. 1952. Menomini Peyotism. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Beaver, W. 1952. Peyote and the Hopi. American Anthropologist 54:120. 1953 Nettl, B. 1953. Observations on meaningless peyote song texts. Journal of American Folklore 66:161-64. 1955 Slotkin, J. 1955. Peyotism, 1521-1891. American Anthropologist 57:202-30. 1956 Slotkin, J. 1956. The peyote way. Tomorrow, Quarterly Review of Psychical Research 4:64-70. Arth, M. 1956. A functional view of peyotism in Omaha culture. The Plains Anthropologist 7:25-29. Stewart, O. 1956. Peyote and Colorado's Inquisition law. Colorado Quarterly 5:79- 90 Slotkin, J. S. 1956. The peyote religion: A study in Indian-White relations. Glencoe, III.: The Free Press. 1957 Howard, J. 1957. The mescal bean cult of the central and southern Plains: An ancestor of the peyote cult? American Anthropologist 59:75-87. Aberle, D. and Stewart, O. 1957. Navaho and Ute peyotism: A chronological and distributional study. University of Colorado Studies, Series in Anthropology, No. 6. 129 La Barre, W. 1957. Mescalism and peyotism. American Anthropologist 59:70 Denman, L. (Ed.) 1957. The peyote ritual. San Francisco: Grabhorn Press. Dittman, A. and Moore, H. 1957. Disturbance in dreams as related to peyotism among the Navaho. American Anthropologist 59:642-49. Merriam, A. and D’Azevedo, W. 1957. Washo peyote songs. American Anthropologist 59:615-41 1958 Kloesel, L.G. 1958. “Some notes on peyote.” American J. Pharmacy 130:307-316. Rhodes, W. 1958. A study of musical diffusion based on the wandering of the opening peyote song. Journal of the International Folk Music Council 10:42-49. 1959 Barber, C. 1959. Peyote and the definition of narcotic. American Anthropologist 61:641-46. Vonnegut, Kurt. 1959. The sirens of Titan. New York: Dell. 1960 La Barre, W. (1960) Twenty Years of Peyote Studies. Current Anthropology, 1(1): 45-60 McLeary, James A., Paul S. Sypherd, and David L. Walkington. 1960. Antiobiotic activity of an extract of peyote [Lophophora wiliamsii (Lemaire) Coulter]. Economic Botany 14:247-49. 1962 Dustin, C. Burton. 1962. Peyotism and New Mexico. Albuquerque, N.M.: self-published. 1963 Wasson, R.G. 1963. “Notes on the present status of ololiuhqui and the other hallucinogens of Mexico.” Harv. Bot. Mus. Leaf. 20(6):161-193. Mellen, Chase, III. 1963. Reflections of a peyote eater. The Harvard Review 1(4): 63-67. 1964 James, Joyce. 1964. Shouted from the housetops: A peyote awakening. Psychedelic Review 1(4): 459-83. 1965 Furst, Peter T. 1965. 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Found a great podcast with KT on Loph conservation: https://www.indefenseofplants.com/podcast/tag/3?fbclid=IwAR0n7PrcJRa9pd551oGY9QJp_vPinIhR2ymcEUqPbCot19wEiCyrET0onmM

Vaping can feel like a different type of harshness, even at low temps. Inhaling small hits rather than a whole volcano bag/your max lung capacity is one way of dealing with this. Personally I notice a tickle at the top of my throat that precedes feeling like I need to cough by a couple of seconds. If I stop inhaling at the tickle then it's all good.

Sadly the research gap is so significant that alot of the literature on cannabis vaping is based on case reports. Unlike the study I most recently posted it seems like a lot of these case studies focus on ecig style cartridges, which were recently linked to a number of hospital admissions. I would love to better understand the comparitive risk of these two types of consumption I guess some key questions are around the long term harms of inhaling pg and vg vapour, as well as different extracts, different nail/coil materials and different temperatures. The description of the extract dosage did seem a bit off - a good example of why including people with lived experiences of drugs in research projects is important. Kinda hard for people to apply the research if it isn't clearly linked to how people consume the drug. I remember reading one study of cannabis vaping that used leaf and 300 or so degree temps. WTF? Not really a representative technique.

Some synchronicity, a colleague just brought my attention to this paper: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6327978/?fbclid=IwAR2PeZsEoKiaaGqVNtaMQUw-QqNjMlXTxpgJiGOum_KuIbXi19rTeGxqMw4 Harm reduction TLDR- Vape extracts at low temps and make sure they're purged.

Here's another one you may have seen Glaukus https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777088/ Really looking forward to the future of vaporisation research!